62 



ON THE CLASSIFICATION 



In Africa the Hottentot 78 retains it, and it is found in the 

 neighbouring Madagassy. 79 The Malayan 80 is not with- 

 out it, and the Polynesian tongues, as Fijian, 81 Tahitian 82 

 and Hawaian 83 use these forms. Among the American 84 

 languages these expressions are of frequent occurrence. 



The concrete character of a language can be recognized also 



Canarese : Plur. incl. navu, excl. avu. Bishop Caldwell says in his Comparative 

 Dra vidian Grammar, page 308 (second edition) that "in all the Dra vidian 

 dialects, with the exception of Canarese, there are two plurals of the pronoun 

 of the first person." I believe that two distinct Plurals for we existed 

 formerly in Canarese ; but avu is now obsolete, it corresponds to the Telugu 

 memu ; compare dv' 1 atibhayamgondu, we having been very much afraid. 

 Cennabasavapurana, IV. Khanda, I. Sandhi, 30 Sloka. About avu see the 

 excellent edition of Kesiraja's Sabdamanidarpana published by the Rev. 

 F. Kittel at Mangalore in 1872, page 110. 



(78) We, Dual masc. incl. salchom, excl. sikJiom ; fern. incl. saam, excl. 

 siim ; com. incl. saam, excl. siim. We Plur. masc. incl. sake, excl. sike ; fern, 

 incl. sase, excl. sise ; com. incl. sada, excl. sida. See Reynard the Fox in 

 South Africa, by W. H. S. Bleek, London, 1864, pages xvi and xvii, and 

 Elemens de la Gi-rammaire Hottentote (Dialecte Nama), par H. de Charencey, 

 page 10, where the Dual com. incl. is sinm and excl. sanm. 



(79) Plur. incl. isikia, excl. izahay ; compare : Three Visits to Madagascar 

 by the Rev. William Ellis, London, 1858, page 465. 



(80) Kami is the exclusive we ; see W. Marsden's Dictionary of the 

 Malayan Language, page 251. In Tagala the we incl. is tayo, we excl. kdmi. 



(81) We two, incl. koi kedaru ; excl. koi keirau ; we three, incl. koi kedatou, 

 excl. koi keitou ; we, plur. incl. koi keda, excl. koi kei mami ; see "A Fijian 

 and English and an English and Fijian Dictionary, and a Grammar of the 

 Language," by the late David Hazlewood, second edition, page 23. 



(82) We two incl. 0 Taua ; excl. 0 Maua ; we plur. incl. 0 Tatou, excl. 

 O Matou; see " A Grammar of the Tahitian Dialect of the Polynesian 

 Language," Tahiti, 1823, page 14. 



(83) We two incl. 0 Kaua, excl. O Maua ; plur. incl. O Kakou, excl. 

 O Makou, see " Polynesian Researches, by William Ellis, Vol. IV, pages 467 

 and 468." 



(84) E.g., in the different dialects of the Algonquin language as in the 

 Ojibwa of St. Mary's as Wen o wind and Nen o wind. 



Grand Traverse Bay „ Ke nuh wind ,, Nenuhwind. 

 » > j Saganaw ,, Kee nue wee ,, Nee nue wee. 



,, ,, Michilimackinac ,, Neen a wind ,, Keen a wind. 

 In Miami we incl. is Ke lo naw, and we excl. Ne lo naw. 

 ,, Menomonee,, ,, „ Kay nanh, ,, ,, Osh nee shay ah. 



„ Shawnee ,, „ ,, Neel ah wai, „ ,, „ Neel ah wai. 

 „ Delaware ,, ,, Neel one ah, ,, ,, „ Neel one nah. 



See : Information respecting the history, condition and prospects of the Indian 



