OP LANGUAGES. 



97 



tao-ce knife, ce-ce list, yang-ce form, manner, yen-ce tael, and 

 fa-ce rule, means. 153 



In the course of time such supplements become typical, and 

 their sphere of usefulness is often widened, by being called 

 upon to assist in counting. They become numeral auxiliaries. 

 To be used as such they are eminently fit, as their compre- 

 hensive signification allows their being applied as general 

 terms to species. The use of such numeral terms does not 

 exclude reduplication. In fact both kinds of plural forma- 

 tions are often used in one and the same language, as in 

 Malayan, in some Further-Indian and other concrete lan- 

 guages. In Malayan 154 dial is applied to tenuous objects as 

 leaves, grasses, hairs and feathers ; batang (stem, trunk) to 

 trees, logs, spars and javelins ; bdntak to rings ; hidang (spread- 

 ing, spacious) to mats, carpets, thatch, sails, skins and hides ; 

 biji (seed) to corn, seeds, stones, pebbles, gems, eggs, eyes of 

 animals, lamps and candlesticks ; bilah (pale> stake) to cutting 

 instruments, as knives, daggers and swords ; butir (grain) to 

 pepper, beads, cushions, pillows, brooks and rivers ; buwah 

 (fruit) to fruit, loaves, cakes, mountains, countries, lakes, boats 

 and ships, houses, palaces and temples ; ekor (tail) to beasts, 

 birds, fishes and reptiles; kayu (wood) to any object rolled up, 

 as a sheet of paper ; orang (man or person) to human beings ; 

 puchuk (top) to cannon and small arms, to candles and torches 

 and letters; rawan (gristle or cartilage) to cordage, &c. 

 In Burmese yauk is affixed to the numeral when human 

 beings are counted, gaung when animals, ts% when beasts of 

 burden or carriages, tshu when deities, pagodas, &G.,pa when 

 persons of rank, lono when round things, pya when flat 



(153) See : Chinesische Sprachlehre von Wilhelm Schott, Berlin, 1857, 

 pages 12 and 13, where will be found too the quotation taken from the Arte 

 China of G-oncalves, page vii, " as addicoens tzu, olr sao s<5 para encher 

 e nada significao." Such supplements resemble the Egyptian ideographic 

 hieroglyphs first discovered by Champollion. 



(154) See : John Crawfurd's Grammar of the Malay Language, pages 11 

 and 12. 



13 



