1830] and Statistical of the Ceded Districts, IIS 



ranges often clearing the hills to their bases ; which appear, from the 

 absence of disturbance in the stratification, to have originated in the 

 contraction of the rock itself, during its solidification ; and subsequently- 

 enlarged by the action of springs, which are often seen to burst forth at 

 these discontinuations of the strata, and the rivers that find a vent through? 

 and wash the base of the cliffs. The pass of Ganjecotta, and the fis- 

 sures of the hills south of Cuddapah afford good examples of these con- 

 tractions. The principal valleys, however, follow the direction of eleva- 

 tion, that is southerly and easterly.— -The spaces between the granite 

 hills, (for they cannot with propriety be termed valley s,and their flatness 

 is only interrupted by small tali round the hills of alluvial matter washed 

 from the rocks by the rains), are often strewed or blocked up by large 

 masses, precipitated by spontaneous splitting and exfoliation from their 

 sides and summits. 



Rivers.— The Kistnah, Tumbuddra, Penmur and Hogri are the most 

 considerable streams. The Kistnah ri-jes in the M thabaleshwar hills, 

 enters the Ceded Districts, or rather Kurnool, at Calloor, where it meets 

 with the Tumbuddra a few miies to the N. E. of the city of Kurnool, 

 and taking an E. by N. course quits the territory a little to the east of 

 the Hoosanugger ghat, falling into the Bay of Bengal, after a course 

 of about 700 miles, at Sipelar point. 



The Tumbuddra is formed by the confluence of two rivers— -the 

 Tunga and the Bhadra: the first rises amon* the western ghats south 

 of Bednore ; the latter among the Baba Booden mountains. The sun- 

 gum, or point of confluence, is at the sabred village of Goodly near 

 Hooly H moor. The united rivers enter the S. western frontier of the 

 Ceded Districts, nine miles north from Hurryhur, taking at first a N. by 

 W. course, but shortly turning to the E., flow in a north easterly directi- 

 on, dividing the ruins of the ancient cities of Bijanugger and Anna- 

 gundi, to Hullaykola, where they are joined by the Hogri about 40 miles 

 N. by E. from Bellary. At the foot of the walls of Kurnool the Tum- 

 buddra is met by the Hendery, and shortly afterwards mixes its waters 

 with those of the Kistnah at Calloor. 



The Hogri river has its rise near the Baba Booden mountains in My- 

 sore ; pursuing a northerly course of about 200 miles to the Tumbuddra,it 

 enters the S. W. limit of the district about 12 miles S. of the hill fort of 

 Raidroog, passing about 9 miles eastward of Bellary. 



The Pennaur springs from the granite hills near Nundidroog in My- 

 sore. It enters the southern boundary of the district at Challoor; pur- 

 sues a N. by W. course to Ooderpidroog, whence, passing easterly by 

 Tarputry through the chasm in the Gundicota chain, and washing the 



