'iLM-I-TAJWID. 



167 



a clear and evident mistake, such as shortening or lengthening 

 the vowel sounds (v>\^) or any word ; (2) Lahan-i-Khafi 

 ( <J^ <^J) , a less apparent mistake, such as not making a 

 distinction in sound between c and s, & and <j-, 3 o and k, 

 and t ; if two of the same letters come together it is 

 a mistake if both are not clearly sounded, e.g., each » in 

 ; and each 'ain (£) in ^ must be distinctly pro- 

 nounced. 



It is absolutely necessary that great attention should be 

 paid to the tashdid (^^), madd (^), and other similar 

 marks, an account of which can be found in any Arabic 

 grammar. These diacritical marks, known under the general 

 term of A'rab (v»^),were invented by Khalil Ibn-i- Ahmad, 

 who was born in the year 100 A.H., and who died at Basra 

 about seventy years after. 



The marks and symbols peculiar to the Quran are many. 

 No account of them, so far as I am aware, is given in any 

 grammar of the Arabic language; and as they may have 

 often puzzled the student of the Quran, I give them here in 

 detail. They refer almost entirely to the various kinds of 

 pauses to be made in reciting the Quran, and form in fact 

 its punctuation. 



The .symbol for a full stop is 0, when the reader should 

 take breath. 



The word is written when a slight pause is made but 

 no breath is taken. 



The waqf ( <-£>j ) or pause is of five kinds : — 

 (1 .) Waqf-i- Mzim ( 6 3 ), of which the sign is This 

 is, as its name implies, a necessary pause. If no pause were 

 made the meaning would be altered ; e.g., Sura ii, v. 7 : 

 " Yet are they not believers (f) Fain would they deceive 

 God," &c. Here if there were no waqf-i-lazim after the 

 word ' believers,' it might seem as if believers would fain 

 deceive God. 



