'iLM-I-TAJWID. 



179 



with regard to the reading their master preferred. In order to 

 show this diversity of opinion, each Ravi, as well as each 

 Qari, has a distinctive letter, which is technically known 

 as the 'ramz ' (yjpl- When both of the Ravis agree 

 as to the reading preferred by their master, the ramz of the 

 Qari only is inserted on the margin of the Quran. It is not 

 then necessary to add the ramuz of the Ravis, because it is 

 only by their evidence that the qira,at of the Qari is known. 

 They never give an opinion of their own on the text, but 

 only bear witness to the opinion of their master. 1 If, how- 

 ever, the ramz of one of the two Ravis is given, it signifies 

 that according to his testimony the qira,at he gives is the 

 one approved of by the Qari whose disciple he is. If the 

 two Ravis differ in their evidence as to their master's opinion, 

 the ramz of each Ravi is given with the qira,at each 

 contends for as the one approved of by his master. 



In the tabular form I shall use the letter (ramz) by which 

 each Qari and each Ravi is known, instead of continually 

 repeating the name in full ; but I must first give the letters 

 (Ramuz) alluded to. In the following table the distinctive 

 letter will be inserted under the name of each Qari and 

 of each Ravi. 



The seven Qaris and their disciples ( ykfj ) : — ■ 









* >- 

 s 



3 ~ 



rJt> 



.1 



e£* y& &\ .2 



err* 





c 



r 



J 



Cil 



1 All that a critical Muslim can now do is to ascertain the ' readings ' 

 adopted by the Qaris ; there can be no further emendation of the text, which 

 is by the orthodox supposed to be perfect. 



