March 17, 1894. | 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



237 



the first-class racing canoe; and the small type, late second class' 

 canoe. 



It would have b«en an interesting thing to have also in comparison 

 an up-to-date sailing canoe, built under tbe new rule, which permits 

 overhangs, bulb keels and 3ft. of beam, seeing that the canoe exhib- 

 ited is of the Stella design, now many years old. However, the craft 

 shown is on a design which has done excellent racing work, and the 

 boat is well built and rigged. She is on order for Rangoon, and will 

 no doubt somewhat astonish the natives; but we should much prefer 

 something absolutely uncapsizable for such waters, and with more 

 beam. 



Toronto C. C. 



Toronto, March 5.— Saturday evening, March 3, was "Athletic 

 night" and the handsome house of the Toronto C. C. was aeain a 

 blaze of lights, it being the occasion of their third, and for this winter 

 the last, large complimentary social entertainment. The programme 

 consisted of athletic and acrobatic feats, with just enough song and 

 music to keep the boys in good spirits, and was started in the gym- 

 nasium with an exhibition of horizontal-bar work by Messrs. Morgan, 

 Thompson, Sievert and Bruce, followed by a slack wire performance 

 by Mr. Bruce. Commodore Tilley then requested the audience to re- 

 pair to the large club room, where on a stage about 16ft. square, 

 erected almost in the center, the programme was continued. The in- 

 imitable Tomtnv Baker sang in his own happy way; he didn't sing of 

 "Home, Sweet Home." but he reached the spot under the vest pocket 

 just the same. Alf. Sturrock sang of the rolling billows, and more 

 than one of the boys went down to launch their canoes to go off to the 

 wreck only to find that skates were the only mode of aquatic locomo- 

 tion. There were also songs bv Messrs. Joe Baker, F. Piggot, Henry 

 Wright. 



The athletic part of the programme consisted of three three-minute 

 bouts with foils by Messrs. Cooper and Barton; tumbling by Morgan, 

 Thompson, Bruce and Siever; three two-minute rounds sparring by 

 Messrs Goldman and Barton; fancy club swinging by Mr. Loghead; 

 three three-minute rounds sparring by Messrs. A. E. Bell and Alex. 

 Wheeler. The events of t he evening were, however, the acrobatic and 

 hand balancing feats by Mr. W. W. Taylor, instructor Beaver Athletic 

 Club, and his partner, Mr. Robert White. The last event on the pro- 

 gramme, and the one that held every man to his place and made him 

 take chances of missing the last car. was three five-miuute rounds of 

 scientific wrestling between Mr. A. W. LaMont, champion light-weight 

 wrestler of Canada, and Mr. W. W. Taylor. The contestants in this 

 event were so evenly matched that at tbe end of their fifteen minutes' 

 work neither had secured a fall, and they were cheered to the echo. 

 Commodore Tilley then invited the guests to the supper room, where 

 lunch was served 



Among the three hundred present were many of Toronto's most 

 prominent business men, and it speaks well for the T. C. C. to note 

 that quite a number of the boys were not ashamed to bring their 

 fathers with them. The entire arrangements were in tbe hands of the 

 house committee, composed of A. E. Bell, Bert Smith and J. C. Iredale. 



The Newton Boat Club War Canoe. 



About fifty of the local canoe men gathered at the Newton Boat 

 Club house on the Charles River, on Thursday evening, March 8, at 

 the request of the "crew" of the Wawbewawa, to take part in their 

 third smoker of the season. 



The chief entertainment of the evening consisted of a fine display of 

 stereopticon views of different A. C. A. meets by Com. Jas. W. Cart- 

 wright, Jr., of the Puritan C. C. Vivid pictures of Lake George, Jes- 

 sup's Neck, Peddock's Island and the Charles River were enthusiastic- 

 ally applauded, and proved to be of great interest. Aft6r having ex- 

 tended a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Cartwright, the canoeists 

 partook of light refreshments and listened to a most pleasant series 

 of musical selections from the followiug gentlemen: 



"The Corey Hill Toboggan Club Quintette." Mr. L. G; Hoffman, 

 leader; selections on banjo, mandolin, harmonica and piano; songs by 

 Mr. Cartwright and Mr. C. B. Ashenden, who have many times been 

 heard at A. C. A. meets; and selections on the violin and piano by 

 Messrs. Robins and Pierce. Altogether the affair was most successful 

 and the good time lasted until the small hours. 



Among tbe canoeists present were: J. W, Cartwright. Jr., Chas. P. 

 Dodge. Woi. Garty and Geo. R. Angus of the Puritan 0. C, Com. H. B. 

 Grant, E. T. Brigham, J. W. Brown, A. C. Wyer and E. P. Wyer of the 

 Innitou C. C, A, L Bennett of the Boston C. C, Fred P. Smith of the 

 Pedham B. C, ex-Capt. Wm, A. Hall. W. A. Wheeler, Louis S. Drake, 

 Francis J. Burrage, Geo. B. Smith. L. A. Hall, W. A. Plimpton, John 

 F. Linder, Wm. V. Forsaith, Chas. W. Knapp, Chester A. Howe, Thos. 

 C. Phelps and W. H. Pulsifer of the Newton B. C . and Clarence B. 

 Ashenden, L G. Hoffman, E. A. Outhank, E. P. Small, F. P. Black, 

 Moses Bamber, C. W. Young, A. H. Coolidge, Robt. A. Hiens and F. I. 

 Snow. 



Those responsible for the good tiin« were the following members of 

 the "Crew:" Louis S. Drake, Capt. Francis J. Burrage, Lieut. Geo. B. 

 Smith, John F. Linder, Wm. V. Forsaith, Chester A. Howe and Chas. 

 W. Knapp. 



The coming season will doubtless be interesting as far as war 

 canoes are concerned. Mr. J. R. Robertson of Aubnrndale already 

 bat two nearly completed, one for the Springfield C. G, the other for 

 Hartford. The members of the Puritan C C. also intend to have one 

 built, and in all probability the Boston C. C. will be equipped in the 

 same way. 



The Eastern Division meet will certainly be interesting if five war 

 canoes are to compete in the races. 



Reforming the A. C. A. 



Editor Forest and Stream: 



Your issue of March 10 contains an article by "Pulex" under the 

 above caption. The letter is for the most part irrelevant, as it does 

 not treat on the reform in question. Now as regards this subject. I 

 again claim the A. C. A. does not need reform. The Association is all 

 right as far as it goes, the only trouble is that it cannot go far 

 enough on account of the small means &t its command. That an 

 A 0. A. paper can be run there is no doubt, but not by the A. C. A. 

 I have had some experience in that line. Tbe association has about 

 a thousand members. What does that figure amount to for a circu 

 laiion? Nothing. If the A. C. A. is to run a paper the dues of the 

 members will have to be doubled. That would do no harm, as the 

 A. C. A. needs the money Now, the main trouble arises in the lack 

 of members and the difficulty in obtaining more. 



The present divisions are too large to be easily worked by their 

 officers. Then again the rivalry between the divisions is notnearly 

 so keen as it would be were the separate States each divisions. This 

 has b^en proved a fact in the experience of the League of American 

 Wheelmen. Then let us see what could be done if State divisions 

 were the rule. In the first place, each State would have its board of 

 officers, who would have a limited territory to travel and work in, a 

 distinct advantage. Each State would, or should, have its perma- 

 nent division camp site, to which the men would become accustomed 

 and learn to consider their meetings there a fixture. With a limited 

 territory the divisions could publish maps of the same— another 

 advantage The rivalry between the States would become keen and, 

 as sure as fate, the membership would grow. Again, by establishing 

 State divisions the jealousy between two sections of a large division 

 would be abolished, and tha"t jealousy is a matter worthy of serious 

 consideration in some of the divisions as at present made up. Of 

 course, all States would not now be divisions, as a minimum limit of 

 A. C. A men would have to be established to constitute a division, as 

 in the L. A. W. : but it can be placed low, so that a division could be 

 easily made up. The foregoing is not reform, but progress. We 

 have nearly reached the limit of our possibilities under the present 

 system, let us consider some other. 



Friend "Pulex" speaking of a canoe club dubs them cruisers, be- 

 cause they cruise in a body, and ignores t he fact that individual work 

 makes a cruising club full as much as concerted action. My own club, 

 the Puritan C. 0., is a cruising club, if Saturday afternoon and Sunday 

 trips may be called cruises. We do not call them such, hence we have 

 no cruising in a body. Our aggregate of individual mileages wiB 

 amount to several thousand mile^ per season. Three and four hun- 

 dred-mile trips we call cruises, and it is upon those trips that the A. C. 

 A. men find the value of the Association. 



"Pulex" intimates that the clubmen mentioned may be able to give 

 points to tbe Librarian. Why don't they do it and (jive more power to 

 his arm? Doubtless the racers can give them points on some equally 

 important matters, such as canoe sailing. Races between well equipped 

 cruisers are full as exciting and interesting as those bet ween racing 

 machines. And there is not a shadow of a doubt but that any cruiser 

 will learn more about sailing a canoe in a season^ racing than he 

 would in several years of cruising sailing. I know it for it has been 

 my experience, and I know that such mild racing as a cruising club 

 indulges in, will do more to produce a well equipped audwell designed 

 fleet than all the cruising that club can do in a lifetime. Ilex. 



Boston, March 10. 



Editor Forest and Stream: 



Before answering thecommunicationsfrom "Ilex" and "Pulex" allow 

 me to express my condemnation of i he action of "Pulex" in going out 

 of his way to slur a gentleman whose only offense was that he came 

 from Rutherford. To avoid any personalities in the future let me 

 briefly state ray case. Every canoeist should be an A. C. A. man. He 

 can aid the A. C. A. and also it can be made to benefit him. That the 

 A. 0. A. has done much lor canoeing is not to be disputed, but it has 

 also been in an indirect wa , and at present it is rather at a standstill. I 



Nowadays no man gets anything out of his membership unless he goes 

 to the meets. Not one of the answers I have seen have disproved" my 

 statements. I offered some suggestions. Those who replied, instead 

 of doing likewise, expressed their horror at a supposed attack on the 

 meet. I knew that "Ilex" advised me to get to work to enlarge the 

 membership. Now what inducement can "Ilex" offer to a man to 

 join; and what can he say to the probable response to such an invita- 

 tion: "What good will it do me?" If the meet is urged it will be 

 answered that the speaker is a clerk in a bank or a dry goods or com- 

 mission house or some other business where he only has his regular 

 vacation season at such a time as to prevent his going to the meet. 

 Do you suggest the division meets? He will answer that he cannot 

 leave business to go to them. What other inducement can you offer? 

 None, absolutely none. He can get all the important news of the sport 

 and the meet from the magazines and newspapers. The ideas as to 

 fittings, etc., he can pick up well enough to suit him from his contact 

 with others in cruising or visiting at. neighboring club houses, and he 

 is not apt to take much stock in the idea of joining for the sake of 

 having his name in the year book. And yet such a man will be found 

 to represent a large number who are practical canoeists. 



At present the A. C. A. only appears to look after the men who come 

 to the meet. They don't need so much care, but as to the fellow who 

 stays in his own waters, why he is left to paddle bis own canoe. If 

 the A. C. A. is to increase its membership among such men, it must 

 show something else besides the meet as an inducement. 



I agree with "Ilex" when he says. "It is not so much reform of the 

 few principles under which the A. C. A. exists as advancement— very 

 great, advancement— along those lines. And one of the greatest ob- 

 stacles is the man who cannot recognize the existing evils or see where 

 new and beneficial features can be introduced." If ' Ilfx" will re-read 

 my letter he will see that it offers some suggestions. "Ilex" does not 

 take his own medicine of "getting to work" in this, the only way at 

 present open. Why? 



Let me trespass on your space a little more and I am done. Here in 

 Rutherford we have had a canoe club for the last eight years. After 

 that eight years the result is four A. C. A. members. Eight years of 

 experience have not been able to show one solitary inducement to join 

 the A. C. A. except the pleasure of going to the meet, and even that- 

 only covers the actual being in the camp. Everything else they get 

 anyhow. Now, will "Ilex" show me how to work to iucrease the 

 membership of the A. C. A. when there is absolutely no inducement to 

 offer to new members? 



If the A. 0. A. is to grow among others besides racing men and those 

 who have leisure to attend the meets, it must pay some attention to 

 them. 



Were it not for the wide circulation given it by the Forest .and 

 Stream I should ignore "Pulex's" screed. "Pulex" apparently is not 

 posted. If a practical canoeist is one who has passed a number of 

 years in various types of canoe, in sailing, paddling and cruising, why 

 then I. am one. If attendance on the meet is the sole qualification, 

 then I am not. By "Pulex's" own coufessiou, no one who is not at the 

 meet has anything to say in A. C. A. matters. Is that fair? Also, by 

 the same token, there is nothing a member gets— bar the meet — but a 

 list of his fellow members, unless he goes to the meet. 



Mr. Burns shows more of the right kind of spirit. Hehad some ideas 

 himself on the subject of advancement, and he gave them. If all our 

 men were of the same caliber there would be no need for this discus- 

 sion. Let us hear from some one else. John Trusty Holden. 



Rutherford, N. J., March 10. 



Life Membership in the A. C. A. 



Editor Forest and Stream: 



By-laws, Sec. 2, states that the annual subscription is one dollar, but 

 does not provide for members compounding their anuual subscription . 

 I would suggest that at the next annual meeting the by-law be so 

 amended as to read after the word "accepted" on ninth line as fol- 

 lows: "Any member may compound for his subscription and become 

 a life, member by the payment of fifteen dollars. A separate account 

 shall be. kept of all moneys received from life members, to be called 

 the life membership account, and tbe receipts shall be invested at 

 interest by the honorary treasurer, and no payment shall be made 

 from it unless authorized by a majority of members. The interest 

 derived from investment mentioned shall be carried to and form part 

 of the income of the Association. Should a life member resign, or 

 cease to be an amateur, or be expelled from the Association, or other- 

 wise cease to be a duly qualified member, no part of the fife composi- 

 tion paid by him shall be returned to such life member. Seventy per 

 cent, of the interest on the above composition shall be paid to the 

 purser of the division to which the life member belongs and thirty 

 per cent, retained for the A. 0. A. treasury." 



The advantages of having life members are numerous. I invite 

 criticism of the above suggestion. 



A Member of Six Years 1 Standing. 



A. C. A. Membership. 



Atlantic Division— Edward Muller, New York city. Northern 

 Division— Chas. O. Wyatt, Montreal. Central Division— Lucius H. 

 Washburn, Albany. N, Y. Eastern Division— William Garty, George R. 

 Angers, Waldo P. Kennard. 



CANOE NEWS NOTES. 



Tbe Knickerbocker C. C. has elected the following officers: Com., 

 Julius H. Seymour; Vice-Corn., James K Hand; Sec'y, William R. 

 Farrel,Jr., 47G West 152d street, New York; Treas., Sidney M.Wintring- 

 ham; Meas., Frank C. Moore. 



The annual election of officers of the Yonkers C. C. resulted as fol- 

 lows: Com,, William R. Haviland; Vice-Coin., Daniel B. Goodsell; 

 Sect 'y, Thomas Hale, Jr. ; Treas,, Everett Masten; Capt., H. Lansing 

 Quick; Lieut , Charles T. Middlebrook. 



At the annual meeting of the Holyoke C. C. on March 7, the follow- 

 ing officers were elected: Capt.,~F. H. Metcalf; 1st Lieut., E. T. 

 Newton; 2d Lieut.. J. M. Ramage; Purser, A. S. Seymour; Sec, W. 

 L. Eaton; Executive Committee, W. D. Judd, W. C. Brown and R. T. 

 Wyckoff . The annual regatta will take place on Sept. 3. 



The annual meeting of the Tatassit C. C. was held on March 5, 

 the following officers being elected: Com., T. H. Blood; Vice-Corn., 

 F. A. Goodard; Purser, AV. N. Brooks; Sec, F. P. Kendall; Capt., F. 

 P. Dean; Directors, Howard Frost and C. L. Allen; House Committee. 

 W.F.Robinson, A. F. Townsend and F. D. Freeman; Membership 

 Committee, C. S. Day, A. E. Davis and W. M. Freeman; Historian, G. 

 TJ. Halcott ; Auditor, A. O. Knight, The retiring Commodore, Howard 

 Frost, was presented by Com, Blood with a huge wooden watch, a 

 reminder of the money advanced on a watch by the Commodore 10 a 

 tramp, the watch being worthless. In the wooden disc was embedded 

 a beautiful gold watch, a gift from the club. 



General Comments on the Drift of Bullets, and 

 Bines and Rifle Shootinp*. 



[sy armin tenner, 

 Superintendent American Testing Institution. 



The path described by a bullet in the course of its flight is governed 

 by certain laws and cond ; tions. These may briefly be enumerated as 

 follows: In consequence of the tendency of the resistance of the air 

 to lift the bullet's point in combination with the original rotation to 

 the right, a variation in the spinning axis of the projectile is hrought 

 about, causing the latter to drift away from the shot plane to the 

 right. Thus a new axis of rotation is created, and while oscillating 

 with its longitudinal axis around this new axis the bullet offers its left 

 surface continuously »o the pressure of the air and is thus forced to 

 drift to the right, thereby creating a change in the axis of rotation 

 and in the position of its longitudinal axis, and these condition again on 

 the other hand cause the bullet to lean toward the tangent path. This 

 tendency of leaning toward the tangent path and of drifting to the 

 right is greatly lessened by a counter pressure brought about by the 

 meeting of the rotating with the resisting air. causing a condensation 

 of the latter on the bulleCs right side. The tendency of a bullet to 

 press to the right not only holds forth throughout its entire flight, 

 but on the contrary increases as the stability of the longitudinal axis 

 diminishes. 



The trajectory of the center of gravity of a traveling bullet de- 

 scribes a curve with a double crook, around which all other points of 

 the projectile, those resting upon the given axis of rotation excepted, 

 must describe spiral (cycloidal.) lines of continuously growing steep- 

 ness. The sportsman can easily detect the effect of the deviation to 

 the right by examining the track left by a bullet which glanced off tbe 

 ground after striking it. The track or groove left by such a bullet 

 will, under ordinary conditions, always show a slight crook to the 

 right. 



If bullets of different weights and sizes are employed for one and 

 the same caliber and propelled by the same powder charge, the heavier 

 will be. as shown further on. the least subject to deviation. A bullet 

 thrown as far as 2,000yds. will not perform a full conic oscillation short 

 of 800yds. 



THE DIRECTION OF DERIVATION. 



The derivation will be to the right (1) when the bullet rotates from 

 the left to the right, since the point of intersection of the resultant of 

 air pressure and the longitudinal axis will then be found in front of 

 the center of gravity of the bullet; (2) when the rotation is to the 

 left and the point of intersection is found in or behind the center of 

 gravity. 



The derivation will be to the left (3) with bullets rotating to the 

 right if the point of intersection is in or behind the center of gravity; 

 (4) with bullets rotating to the left because the ceuter of gravity will 

 then be always in front of the point of intersection. The conditions 2 

 and 4 exist only theoretically as far as our modern elongated bullets 

 are concerned. Practically the derivation of such a bullet is to the 

 right if the rotation is to the right, and to the left if the rotation is to 

 the left, since in both cases the point of intersection of the resultant 

 of air resistance is always found in front of the projectile's center of 

 gravity. 



THE TWIST OF RIFLES. 



The spiral grooves in the rifle barrel called the twist serve no other 

 purpose save that to prevent the bullet from tipping or "keyholing," 

 and to give its flight the necessary stability. 



For bullets two and one-half times in length of their diameter, and 

 being propelled by a high velocity, the angle of the twist should be 

 about Z}4 degrees; longer bullets require a steeper twist angle, espe- 

 cially if the velocity is comparatively lower, and the same rule applies 

 to the smaller calibers, regardless of the bullet's weight or shape. ,If 

 a lighter and a heavier bullet are employed of the same caliber, that 

 of the heavier specific weight will do better in a comparatively less 

 steep angle of twist than the lighter one. With a properly chosen 

 twist angle the length of a bulletcan be extended to four times its 

 caliber, and such a bullet can still be mad« to describe a regular path. 



Tbe size of the bore of the barrel divided by the length of the twist 

 gives the tangent of the angle of twist. 



' In this country the nature of the twist is described by the distance 

 in which it makes one complete turn. Their lengths vary in American 

 rifles between 12 and 72in. 



The number of revolutions made by a bullet within a unit of time — 

 one second — at the speed with which it quits the muzzle is called the 

 angle velocity. The latter is governed by the steepness of the twist or 

 grooves and "the progressing velocity of tbe bullet. If, for instance, 

 the latter has an initial velocity of, Bay, 1,300ft., and the twist makes 

 one turn in 2Sin.. the bullet will make about 782 revolutions per 

 second. 



The larger calibers, as a rule, have and require smaller twist angles, 

 i. e.. a slower twist than smaller calibers, and this for the reason that 

 with the same velocities and bullets of similar shape the surface of 

 the smaller must receive a greater angle velocity than the larger, or, 

 in other words, with the same initial velocities the angle velocities of 

 the surface of the different similar bullets, the same as the tangents 

 of the twist angles, must be in a reversed proportion to their calibers, 

 and considering at the same time that the lengths of the twist must 

 be proportionate to the squares of the calibers, in order to reduce the 

 derivation^ aused by the twist to the desired lowest limit. This law 

 is based on the observation that, although with the larger bullet, 

 owing to its greater surface, the air pressure from the side will grow 

 in single proportion with the caliber, whereas the mass to be moved 



Fig. 4. 



will increase in cubic proportion to tbe caliber. A quick twist has a 

 tendency to retard the velocity, and on this account the twist should 

 not be chosen quicker than necessary to serve the purpose previously 

 mentioned, 



THE VELOCITY OP BULLETS OF THE SAME CALIBER BUT OF THE DIFFER- 

 ENT SPECIFIC WEI&HTS. 



If a lighter and a heavier bullet of the same caliber is employed in 

 the same rifle, and both are propelled by a similar powder charge, 

 the lighter bullet will show the highest velocity of the two, but the 

 heavier bullet will retain its velocity over a longer distance. When a 

 certain rifle propels a bullet weighing SSOgrs., say at a rate of velocity 

 equal to 1,745ft., the same powdpr charge would propel a bullet 

 weighing 365grs. at the rate of 1,762ft., one weighing 350grs. at the 

 rate of 1,789ft., one weighing 335grs. at the rate of 1.806ft., one weigh- 

 ing 320grs. at the rate of 1,823ft., one weighing 305grs. at the rate of 

 l,838ft M one weighing 290grs. at the rate of 1,853ft., and one weighing 

 260grs. at the rate of 1,870ft. or thereabouts. As a rule the velocities 

 are as the fourth roots from the quotient of the load, and equal 

 quotients of loads give equal initial velocities. 



EXPRESS AND AMERICAN RIFLES. 



It is a matter of frequent occurrence to find things called by a wrong 

 name in this couutry, or that we understand something different from 

 what a name really implies. Dogs of a certain species are called and 

 known in America as "Great Danes," although the same dog is not 

 known by that name in his native country. The common sparrow is 

 here known as the. "English" sparrow, notwithstanding the fact that 

 this species of bird is found all over Europe and other parts of the 

 old world and that the ancestors of the majority of the sparrows as 

 they now inhabit our cities, towns and villages, were brought to this 

 country from Germany. The common or Bohemian pheasant is here 

 called the English pheasant, etc. 



By an "express" rifle the American shooter, as a rule, understands 

 a rifle made expressly to shoot an expanding or exploding bullet, and 

 by an express bullet a projectile with a sort of a channel (as shown in 

 Fig. 4) for being filled with a copper tube, wax or tallow, or with some 

 explosive agent. This is all wroug. The majority of hunters on the 

 European continent use tbe express rifle, but not one out of a thous- 

 and employs such abullRt; and this for the simple reason that they 

 have no need for such a bullet, and that these bullets shoot less accu- 

 rately and are much more liable to spoil the best part of the flesh of a 

 roebuck or stag, 



A bullet provided with a channel running from its front end to the 

 center, or even beyond it, is of course more liable to "flutter," as its 

 unsteady travel is called, than a solid bullet of the same size, and this 

 for the reason that the former, in having its center of gravity shifted 

 still further awaj' and to the rear of its transverse axis, is more sub- 

 ject to the disturbing effects named in connection with the causes and 

 results of derivation than the solid bullet. 



I have before me the catalogue of the Ideal Manufacturing Co., 

 which, as a whole and otherwise, contains much valuable information 

 for riflemen, in which, speaking of express bullets, the following 

 passages occur: "Properly speaking, the express cartridge consists 

 of a heavy charge of powder and a short, light bullet," and "Rifles for 

 this kind of ammunition have a slow twist and will not carry the long 

 bullet point on," etc. Both of these statements are wrong and mis- 

 leading. 



The powder charge of an express cartridge is generally in proportion 

 to the weight of the bullet, and the elongated bullet does and must 

 travel on the longitudinal axis, i. e., point on, up to the distance for 

 which such a rifle is intended and for which they are employed. Why 

 should such not be the esse? 



According to the figures given in the catalogue named the twist in 

 the .38 rifles makes one turn in 16in. in some barrels, one turn in 20in. 

 in others. My three-barreled gun bears this mark: "Cal. .12. 11. 52," 

 which means that the guu barrels are 12-bore, that the diameter of the 

 bullet for the express rifle barrel is 11 mm., or about 7 16 in., and that 

 the twist makes one turn in 52 centimeters, equal to a fraction over 

 20in. The length of the bullet is 14 , 6 in., its weight is 295grs., the black 

 powder charge is 58grs. or the equivalent in nitro powder, which latter 

 1 have usedfbr years in my rifle exclusively, Strictly speaking, every 

 rifle with the spiral t wist or one that will impart to the projectile a 

 high speed of velocity is an express rifle. 



The Marlin round-point bullet, cal .33 for instance, is only a trifla 

 longer than my express bullet; the former weighs 255grs.. the corre- 

 sponding powder charge is 55grs. But there are two more and shorter 

 sizes ot bullets of the same caliber besides, one weighing 175grs., the 

 other only 155grs., with the same powder charge as used for the longer 

 bullet. The proportion of the weights of the powder charge and the 

 bullet in my express cartridge is about 1 to 5, the proportion of the 

 Marlin long cartridge is 1 to 4 7 u , and that of the two shorter cartridges 

 is 1 to 3 a ii and 1 to 3?j, respectively. The Marlin is an American rifle 

 and still the American shooter is informed by the authority quoted 

 that the express cartridge consists of a heavy charge of powder and a 

 short, light bullet, and that on account of the slow twist of the express 

 rifle it will not carry a long bullet point on. 



It is true what the same authority says in reference to the shoot- 

 ing distances for which the express rifles are principally made, 

 sighted and intended, namely 150yds. The express rifle is designed 

 for hunting purposes only. They have a comparatively great striking 

 power and flat trajectory up to that distance. They should not bs 

 compared with rifles made for target shooting for the reason stated. 

 Rifle making is not a secret, neither are the tools and machinery eui 



