292 



Appendices to Fifth Annual Report 



tion, for palatine teeth, for the metapterygoid runs relatively far forward 

 in the sprat, underlapping the palatine close behind the small oral ridge 

 of which the teeth are situated. The metapterygoid of the sprat is other- 

 wise a more prominent bone than the herring's, for it is more enlarged at 

 its angle, very little cartilage being there left, and it sends a relatively 

 strong process right up to the ethmo-palatine process, to which it is firmly 

 attached. The quadrate, mesopterygoid, and hyomandibular are like the 

 herring's, as are all the external membrane bones. The tongue bears on 

 its median upper surface a small bony scale, with very minute teeth. Day 

 says there are no teetli on the tongue, but with care they can be felt, and 

 I have almost never missed seeing them if the scale is carefully removed 

 and examined under a low power of the microscope. The first branchial 

 arch has 16 basi- and hypo-, 20 cerato- and 14 epi-branchial rakers. The 

 second arch bears 18, 18, and 14 respectively; the third arch, 6, 17, and 

 12 ; the fourth, about 20 rakers on its anterior and about 14 on its 

 posterior face ; while the fifth has about 10. 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

 Plate XV. 



Fig. 1. Skeleton of herring (full size). The intermuscular bones, except the 

 single one of the 22nd and the branched one of the 37th vertebra?, are omitted 

 to avoid confusion. The opercular bones are removed to expose the hyoid and 

 palato-pterygoid bars. 



Plate XVI. 



Fig. 2. Ventral surface of basioccipital and anterior three vertebra?. 

 Fig. 3. Dorsal surface of basioccipital and anterior three vertebrse. 

 Fig. 4. Side view of 18th vertebra and its appendages. 

 Fig. 5. End view (anterior) of 18th vertebra and its appendages. 

 Fig. 6. End view of 26th vertebra. 



Fig. 7. View of inner side of 16th vertebral hamiapophysis of 200 mm. long 

 herring (magnified). 



Fig. 8. View of outer side of 16th vertebral hsemapophysis of 200 mm. long 

 herring (magnified). 



Fig. 9. View of outer side of rib head and appendage of 200 mm. long 

 herring (magnified). 



Fig. 10. Anterior aspect of 1st neural spine of 200 mm. long herring 

 (magnified). 



Fig. 11. Anterior aspect of 2nd neural spine of 200 mm. long herring 

 (magnified). 



Fig. 12. Anterior aspect of 3rd neural spine of 200 mm. long herring 

 (magnified). 



Fig. 13. Side view of anterior and posterior ends of 33rd vertebra of 

 40 mm. herring ( x about 30). 



Figs. 14, 14a, 146. Side view of rib and appendage of 20th, 22nd, and 24th 

 vertebra? respectively, of 40 mm. herring (magnified). 



Plate XVII. 



Fig. 15. Side view of head to show membrane bones. 

 Fig. 16. Side view of branchial arches. 



Fig. 17. Dorsal view of branchial arches (the dorsal part of the left arches 

 folded out). 



Fig. 18. Side view of skull (opercular, &c, bones removed). 



Fig. 19. Longitudinal section through skull (opercular, &c, bones removed). 



Fig. 20. Upper aspect of skull. 



Fig. 21. Under aspect of skull. (The posterior half of parasphenoid removed). 



