282 British Antarctic Expedition. 
distinctly two kinds of two different origins. It 
consisted of the ice which is formed by the freezing 
sea, and the smaller ice broken from glaciers, or 
from the extremity of the ice-sheet in the south. 
The difference between the two is not always so 
marked that it can be distinguished without careful 
observation, as the pressure and screw in the sea 
ice near the coast of the Antarctic Continent is so 
great that the blocks reared on end would appear, 
to a casual observer, like glacier ice, but a nearer 
investigation would quickly result in the discovery of 
the two distinctly different structures of ice. It is the 
land, or glacier ice, in the pack which is the most 
dangerous for ice navigation. Harder, and generally 
pointed and cornered, it is more difficult to ascertain 
its nature as the vessel forces its way. The flat sea 
ice, at least far from shore, is much alike, and although 
often of great thickness, it seldom protrudes in such 
treacherous rams under water as do occasionally 
blocks fallen from glaciers. The movement of the 
Antarctic ice-pack is, to my mind, north-easterly ; this 
movement favoured both by wind and current. The 
open bay to the east of Victoria Land is undoubtedly 
due both to the heavy south-easterly gales and also 
to currents. to the east of Victoria’ Land and 
to the comparatively warm water in the locality. 
Undoubtedly active volcanoes, above and under the 
sea, take a not unprominent part in altering ice 
conditions. In travelling southwards towards my 
furthest south on the big barrier, or on the southern 
ice-sheet I noticed that here and there the ice-sheet 
rose in small cones, which at places were broken in 
rough walls of about thirty feet. At other places 
