ON THE SCALE INSECT OF MULBERRY TREES. I17 



After the winged insects have appeared, they remain gener- 

 ally near the cocoon a little while, and then crawl about the 

 female scale, or fly in the air in order to search for the scales. 



The cocoons of the male insects are generally found in 

 groups on either stems or branches, and are particularly nu- 

 merous near the base of the stem, where it is protected from 

 the sunshine by overlying branches and leaves, and thus the 

 cocoons give the latter a snowy white appearance in patches of 

 variable size or at all the sides like girdles round the stems or 

 branches (Fig. 21. PL. II.). 



The groups of the cocoon are loosely covered with white 

 continuous filaments bearing scattered white dust : these fila- 

 ments are those secreted by the larvae, and the dust is hemi- 

 spherical in form. The continuous filaments are enveloped with 

 a sort of mucous layer more or less sticky in nature, and as this 

 layer dries up in the open air, it is thus peeled off in pieces 

 having the appearance of small snowy white dust as mentioned 

 before. 



Female pupa. — When the mature larva fixes itself tightly 

 with a filamentous rostrum on the bark, a scale begins to form 

 on its posterior portion. This shows the presence of a newly 

 formed pupa beneath the old larval skin as well as the fragment- 

 ary scale. The pupa (Fig. 22. PL. II.) is oval depressed, 

 measures about 0,5-0,4 mm. in length and breadth respectively. 

 The body is composed of the same number of segments as the 

 mature female insect, and is also very similar in general aspects. 

 The head segment bears two rudimentary antenna;, two dark 

 brownish red eye spots, and a filamentous rostrum. The pupa 

 with its rostrum imbibes also the sap. The abdominal segments 

 are more or less conspicuous, and near the lateral margin and 

 close to the boundary line between the seventh and eighth 

 segments, as well as the free margin of the chitinous shield 

 (pygidium) (Figs. 23; 24. PL. II.), are marked with some 

 small oval openings at both dorsal and ventral surfaces. These 

 openings secrete, without doubt, an extremely fine filament used 

 as a material to form the cocoon. Further dorsally on the 

 pygidium there opens an anus in the form of a small round 

 opening. The free pointed end of the pygidium is provided with 

 a pair of broad chitinous processes, and each of the lateral 



