Farmers' Bulletin 1068. 



should bo only medium in size, but broad between the eyes, short in 

 length, full in the forehead, and if it belongs to a horned breed the 

 horns should be strong and characteristic of the breed represented. 

 In a bull the neck is heavy, with a well-developed crest, and neatly 

 attached to the shoulders. The male should be decidedly heavy in 

 the shoulders as compared to the female. The color markings, while 

 of no value from the butcher's standpoint, should be typical of the 

 breed, because correct color markings indicate trueness to breed type 

 and serve as a reasonable assurance that the offspring will be like the 

 parents. 



Females should show refinement throughout the body (fig. 8). The 

 head is somewhat longer and more angular, but should have width 

 and fullness in the forehead. The horns are finer and usually more 

 curved, the neck thinner and longer than a bull's, and free from a 

 crest. A cow's conformation shows more length and width in the 

 pelvic region and the pin bones should be wider apart but not promi- 

 nent. A cow usually has more barrel than a bull and also a longer 

 body. Though milking qualities should not be emphasized unduly, 

 it is desirable to have cows with good udder and teat development. 

 A good flow of milk assures that the calf will have a good start, which 

 is so essential in raising beef calves profitably. 



SCORE CARD FOR FAT AND FEEDER CATTLE. 



A score card is often used as a guide for making a detailed study of 

 the animal, and the values given to the various points indicate their 

 relative importance. In scoring, each part is considered, and if judged 

 as inferior to the perfect animal, "cuts" are made accordingly from 

 the value given that part in the standard score. The sum of these 

 estimated values gives the score of the animal judged. A "cut" of 

 less than one-fourth of 1 per cent is never made, and a part of an 

 animal seldom deserves a "cut" of more than 50 per cent of the value 

 of that part. The animal is scored from the standpoint of the use to 

 which it is to be put. The parts named in the score card are those 

 which go to make up perfect animals from a utility or market stand- 

 point. In judging from the breed standpoint decisions must be based 

 upon trueness to breed type as described in the breed standards which 

 nearly all the breed-record associations have adopted for the registra- 

 tion of pure bred live stock, and are given in their books of record. 



Since the fat steer is the principal source of beef supply of the 

 country, the following score card is made out for that type in par- 

 ticular: 



