MISCELLANEOUS HUNTING METHODS 133 



when the animal was overtaken in the water, 

 or was helpless in the snow, or was otherwise at a 

 disadvantage. 



How early pitfalls, snares, and deadfalls were 

 used we have no means of knowing. Primitive 

 man needed such aids to supplement his primitive 

 weapons, but whether he had sufficient ingenuity 

 to construct them is another question. The evi- 

 dences at hand do not show that he possessed 

 genius of a very high order. 



The chase has ever been the school of the soldier. 

 The art of attack and defense, whether employed 

 in hunting or in warfare, whether exercised against 

 wild animals or against invading fellow savages, 

 has been a matter of vital importance to all primi- 

 tive peoples, and the nations which have survived 

 in the periodical readjustment of the map of the 

 world have been those which had advanced 

 farthest in the development of this art. 



In the Middle Ages kings and nobles knew no 

 employment in times of war but the profession 

 of arms, and little employment in time of peace 

 but the sport of hunting. Among the American 

 Indians, too, every able-bodied red man was a 

 brave" as soon as war was declared, and a 

 hunter as soon as the last whiff of smoke from the 

 pipe of peace drifted away among the tree-tops. 



