LITERATURE DIRECTLY RELATING TO BITTER PIT. 



115 



66. Morse, W. J., and Lewis, C. E. Maine Apple Diseases— Baldwin Spot. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station 



Twenty-Sixth Annual Report. Bull. 185, p. 349. 1910. 



The distinction between Fruit Spot due to Cylindrosporium pomi and Fruit Pit, the cause of which is unknown 

 is pointed out, and it is remarked that " The observations of the writers have convinced them that the 

 Baldwin Spot is of common occurrence in Maine, and that apples affected by this disease are more seriouslv 

 injured than are Baldwin apples affected by the fungous disease." 



67. Norton, J. B. 8. Water Core of Apple. Phytopathology, L, No. 4, p. 126. 1911. 



" Evans attributes Bitter Pit of apple in Africa to conditions somewhat similar to those here considered to be 

 associated with water core." 



68. O'Gara, P. J. Absorption of Arsenic by Apples from Spray. Better Fruit, p. 28. February, 1911. 



Spotting believed to be caused by arsenate of lead quite distinct from " Baldwin Spot." 



<*>!). Osborne, J. Bitter Pit in Apples. Agricultural Gazette, Tasmania, XVIII., p. 282. December, 1910. 



Agrees generally with theory advanced by Pole Evans. Deals with development in storage, effect of stock 

 influence of soils, water supply, irrigation, effect of pruning, and influence of age on trees. 



70. Qutnn, G. The " Brown or Bitter Pitting " Defect in Apples. South Australian Journal of Aariculture VIII No fi 



p. 305. January, 1905; and Bulletin, No. 7, 1905. ' ' 



Comparative immunity of varieties commonly met with in South Australian orchards given. Suggestions made 

 as to treatment of trees and selecting scions. 



71. Report of the Minister of Agriculture, 1909-10, pp. 43, 44. Government Printer, Adelaide. 1910. 



Bitter Pit in apples observed in the following districts Kalangadoo, Angaston, and Clare. 



72 — 1912 Rep ° rt ° f the Hortirultural Instructor and Chief Inspector of Fruit, 1910-11. Government Printer, Adelaide, 



Bitter Pit experiments described, the tests including the effect of different stocks, combination of stocks, 

 manuring, pruning, cultivation, and irrigation. 



73. Rkichelt. Das Stippichwerden der Aepfel. Pomologische Monatshejte, p. 335. 1884. Stuttgart. 



Disease attributed to a fungus, and the bitter taste probably due to Diacetyl grape sugar. 



74. Robinson, H. Bitter Pit and the Fruit Industry. Agricultural Gazette, Tasmania, XIX., p. 479. September, 1911. 



Experience showed that Bitter Pit may be caused by incorrect methods of pruning, by the injudicious use 

 of fertilizers, or by the want of a complete fertilizer. 



75. Schneider. Stippige Apfel. Praht. Ratgeber /. Obst-und Gartenbau, p. 21. 1909. 



Disease occurs on sunny and shady side, also on young and old trees. Years with great and sudden changes 

 of temperature favour the disease. 



76. Scientist. Bitter Pit in Apples. The Garden, LXXV.. p. 581. December 2, 1911. 



Observes that the disease has been extremely prevalent during the past year, not only in soft-fleshed varieties, 

 but to a much less extent in hard-fleshed lots. Suggests that possibly there was an accumulation of tannin 

 or malic acid in certain spots causing death of cells. 



77. Scott, W. M. A New Fruit Spot of Apple. Phytopathology, L, No. 1, p. 32. February, 1911. 



Chemical tests support the suspicion of arsenic injury, but cannot be considered conclusive evidence. " The 

 spots develop mostly, if not entirely, after the fruit is picked and while in temporary or cellular storage, 

 en route to market ; or after it is removed from cold storage. Low temperatures retard or prevent its 

 development, and the trouble may be avoided in part at least by placing the fruit in cold storage as soon 

 after picking as possible." 



78. Selby, A. D. Some Diseases of Orchard and Garden Fruits — BfOwn spots beneath skin of apple Ohio Agricultural 



Experiment Station. Bull. 79, p. 135. 1897. 



Refers to specimens sent from Ottawa, Canada, and states that the same trouble is reported in Ohio upon 

 Northern Spy, and perhaps upon other varieties. 



79. A brief Handbook of the Diseases of Cultivated Plants in Ohio— Apple. Ohio Agricultural Experiment 



Station. Bull. 214, p. 369. 1910. 



The Brown Spot or Dry Rot of Baldwin and other varieties of Apple is referred to as frequent, and the causes 

 of the internal spotting must in part be regarded as physiological breakdown. 



80. Sbufferheld, H. Betrachtungen ueber das Stippigwerden der Aepfel. Mittrilnngen uehvr Obst-und Gartenbau, 



I >. 1 05. Geisenheim. 1 900. 



Liable varieties are those with large fruits, which are protected against excessive transpiration by a smooth 

 skin. He considers that rough-skinned freely transpiring sorts are not liable even when the fruits are 

 large. 



81. Smith, R. E. Baldwin Spot, Report of the Plant Pathologist, California Agricultural Experiment Station Berkelev 



Bull. 203, p. 50. 1909. ' w * 



"Troubles of this nature are becoming serious in California. No evidence is present of any paraHitic attack. 11 



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