The Scottish Naturalist. 1 1 



thumberland, Durham, North-eastern Yorkshire, South Stafford- 

 shire, and South Wales; and exists in the United States. It is 

 noticeable that the discovery, about 1840, of the immense beds in 

 the Cleveland Hills gave rise to the prosperous trade of Middles- 

 borough and its neighbourhood. 



The second of this subdivision, the Clayband, or Blackband of 

 North Staffordshire and of Scotland, is a very important ironstone. 

 Its discovery in Scotland by Mr. Mushet, about 1801, opened up 

 a new era in the manufacture of iron, and placed Scotland in the 

 forefront of all ironfields for the production of soft fluid iron, 

 especially fitted for ordinary foundry purposes. The Musselband, 

 Slateband and Blackband are all carbonates of iron, in combina- 

 tion with clay, lime, and coaly substances. 



13. Phosphate of Iron, or Vivianite, varies from indigo blue to 

 blackish green. Sometimes it is used as a pigment, but it is of no 

 use as a smelting ore. It is found in Cornwall, Austria, North 

 America, Greenland, and New Zealand. 



14. Sulphate of Iron, or Green Vitriol, is the result of the de- 

 composition of pyrites, and is formed by the oxidation of sulphuret 

 of iron ; it is unimportant metallurgically. 



15. Chromate of Iron or Chromite, formed chiefly of the prot- 

 oxide of iron and oxides of chromium, is much used in the pre- 

 paration of various pigments, and is widely distributed in Europe 

 and America. It has been found in the Shetland Isles. 



16. Arseniate of Iron, which is rare, and olive-green in colour, 

 is found in great beauty with copper ores in Cornwall. 



17. Muriate of Iron. 



1 8. Oxalate of Iron, found in capillary crystals in the Brown 

 Coal of Bohemia, is supposed to have resulted from the decompo- 

 sition of succulent plants. 



19. Titanate of Iron, found in Austria, Norway, and North 

 America, in various formations, is very fusible, but is considered 

 injurious when mixed with other ores. 



20. Tungstate of Iron is found with tin ores, in Saxony, Bohemia? 

 and France, in quartz veins, and also in the United States. In 

 Cornwall it occurs mixed with tin to the extent of rendering it 

 valueless. 



Let us turn now to the specimen of Haematite that forms the 

 subject of this paper, It was found in a bed of limestone between 

 Kirkcaldy and Kinghorn, belonging to the lower series of the 



