256 



The Scottish Naturalist. 



and so well calculated for ensuring the fullest information 

 being given in the replies to it, that we believe no apology- 

 is required for its insertion below. 



Copy of Questions. 



( N.B. Answers will in most cases be rendered more precise and valuable by 

 sketches illustrating the points referred to. ) 



1. What part of the coast do you know well ? 



2. What is the nature of that coast ? 



a. If cliffy, of what are the cliffs composed ? 



b. What are the heights of the cliffs above high- water mark ? greatest ; 



average ; least. 



3. What is the direction of the coast-line ? 



4. What is the prevailing wind ? 



5. What wind is most important : — 



a. In raising high waves? 



b. In piling up shingle ? 



c. In the travelling of shingle ? 



6. What is the set of the tidal currents? 



7. What is the range of tide ? 



(1) Vertical, in feet ; (2) width, in yards, between high and low water. 

 a. At spring tide ; b. at neap tide. 



8. Does the area covered by the tide consist of bare rock, shingle, sand, or 



mud ? 



9. If of shingle, state : — 



a. Its mean and greatest breadth. 



b. Its distribution with respect to tide-marks. 



c. The direction in which it travels. 



d. The greatest size of the pebbles. 



e. Whether the shingle forms one continuous slope, or whether there 



is a "spring-full " and a "neap-full." If the latter, state their 

 heights above the respective tide-marks. 



10. Is the shingle accumulating or diminishing, and at what rate ? 



11. If diminishing, is this due partly or entirely to artificial abstraction? 



12. If groynes are employed to arrest the travel of the shingle, state : — 



a. Their direction with respect to the shore-line at that point. 



b. Their length. 



c. Their distance apart. 



d. Their height : — (1) When built ; (2) To leeward above the shingle % 



(3) To windward above the shingle. 



e. The material of which they are built. 



f. The influence that they exert. 



13. If shingle, sand, or rock is being artificially removed, state : — 



a. From what part of the foreshore, (with respect to the tidal range) r 



the material is mainly taken. 



b. For what purposes. 



c. By whom : — private individuals ; local authorities ; public companies* 



