308 Part III — Thirteenth Annual Report 



Comparing these results with the means of the past four years it is 

 found that in 1893, at the stations in the middle of the Forth, the summer 

 values were higher, and the winter values lower than the mean, the range 

 being greater, as is that of the temperature at all stations. The northern 

 waters were more transparent in the west and less so in the east, both in 

 summer and winter ; and the mean was greater than usual in the west, 

 but the same as past years in the east. On the south side in summer 

 the transparency of the water was either equal to or a little lower than 

 the mean ; and in winter it was greater in the west, but equal or lower 

 than usual in the east ; while the range was extremely low in the west, 

 somewhat greater further east, and the same as past years to the south- 

 west of the Bass. The water on the whole, then, was somewhat more 

 transparent on the average for the whole year at the majority of stations. 



To study the temperature conditions the maximum and minimum for 

 the year have been taken and the range calculated. The stations were 

 then arranged according to their position in the Firth as follows : — 



Northern Stations. 



Stations. 



I. W. 



II. W. 



II. E. 



VI. W. 



VI. E. 



Maximum, 



148 



13-4 



138 



134 



13-4 



Minimum, . 



3'8 



3-8 



40 



3-2 



4-3 



Range, 



110 



96 



9-8 



10-2 



91 



Central Stations. 



Stations. 



I. W. 



III. W. 



I. E. 



V. W. 



V. E. 



VIII. E. 



IX. W. 



IX. E. 



Maximum, . 



14-8 



136 



13 3 



13 3 



134 



13-8 



138 



133 



Minimum, . 



3'8 



31 



43 



43 



42 



47 



45 



47 



Range, 



110 



10-5 



9 0 



9 0 



92 



91 



9 3 



86 



Southern Stations. 



Stations. 















Maximum, 



145 



14-6 



138 



14 3 



14 0 



188 



Minimum, 



42 



4 2 



2-4 



If 



3'8 



44 



Range, . 



10-3 



104 



114 



108 



102 



9 4 



From these figures it is evident in the first place that the maximum is 

 higher, the minimum lower, and consequently the range of temperature 

 is greater the further up the Forth we go. 



The extremes of temperature and the ranges thereof do not differ 

 greatly fron: each other near the northern shores nor in the centre, but 

 the minimum temperature is somewhat lower in the north. Near the 

 south coast, however, the water is both warmer in summer and colder in 

 winter than elsewhere, and the extremes are, therefore, somewhat greater. 



The physical conditions of the Firth of Forth area have been more 

 fully observed by the staff than those of other waters, the ' Garland's ' 

 monthly observations supplementing the work at the fixed stations. The 

 ' Garland ' obtains biological as well as physical records from these 

 cruises, and it is desirable that the former should be tabulated and com- 

 pared with the latter. In order that other physical data besides trans- 

 parencies may be at the disposal of the biologists, the temperature records 



