Jan. 4, 181 6, j 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
17 
All of these operations are gone through with to-day in 
a well regulated yard, but where the builder is also the 
designer they are considerably abbreviated; and in the 
old days, when there was no designer, but the yacht was 
simply built, without formality, they were still more con- 
densed. The old practice was to begin operations by the 
selection of a block of clear dry pine, winch was then to 
be had in plenty, though it is now unknown. Just how 
much thought and consideration the carver of the block 
had previously given to the many serious questions of 
type, class and dimensions depended very much on the 
man, but — with or without due preparation — the attack on 
the block was begun, and witb spokeshave, gouges, rasp 
and sandpaper a model was finally produced and screwed 
to a board. 
This model seldom aspired to represent the exterior 
form of the completed yacht, but a very different form — 
that of the outside of the frames, or the inside instead of 
the outside of the planking. This itself involved a serious 
discrepancy, as the actual fineness or fullness of the model 
differed materially from that of the completed yacht at 
the ends where the bevel of the frames was greatest. 
Further than thi3, the builder at the start concerned him- 
self very little with anything but the form of the model, 
namely, of the inside of the planking of the yacht; and 
the exterior keel, the stem, deadwood, rudder, and the 
size and position of the centerboard were left largely to 
chance, or at least to a much later consideration, after 
the form bad been decided on and the center of buoyancy 
consequently fixed. 
From the model by various methods some measure- 
ments were taken and a rough drawing made, or the 
measurements were used to lay off the full size lines on 
the mould loft floor. No great amount of accuracy was 
used, nor was it absolutely necessary, for the builder 
commonly exercised his discretion in running his battens 
on the floor, and had no scruples in departing materially 
from the original model by ''kicking" a batten in at one 
spot to make a line finer, and out at another to make it 
fuller. When it came to laying the keel, its exterior 
shape, with that of the stem, was often determined by the 
size and shape of the timber at hand, such a thing as a 
careful and final adjustment of the lateral plane and 
sail plan at an early stage of the design being uncared 
for. After the keel was laid, and the stem, sternpost and 
frames erected, ribbandswere run around the frames, and 
the builder, adze in hand, "dubbed off" from the frame 
where a ribband failed to suit his eye by an undue full- 
ness, or "shimmed out" any spot that showed "slack." 
The entire work was practically in the hands of one 
man, much of the planning was done in his head and 
never committed to paper; the details, even to the interior 
finishing, being carried out as became necessary in the 
progress of the work under his immediate supervision. 
A sail plan of some sort was necessarily made, but work- 
ing drawings were in the main dispensed with; in fact, 
too often there was no one about the yard who understood 
them. When the yacht was launched and finished, ballast 
of some kind was stowed inside and she was tried, return- 
ing to the yard for necessary alterations to rudder, dead- 
wood, position of spars, centerboard, etc. 
The main fault of this system — if so it can be called— 
was not that it failed in the hands of a competent builder 
to produce a satisfactory yacht, but that under it no ac- 
count whatever was taken of those elements — the amount 
and disposition of the displacement, the areas of midship 
section, waterline plane, and lateral plane and the posi- 
tions of the centers— on all of which the performances of 
a vessel depend ; nor was any record preserved of such 
meager data as was produced in the course of the work. 
While accumulating a large amount of valuable knowledge 
and experience, each builder as a rule confined himself 
to one particular size and type of vessel in which he was 
successful; but, his practical knowledge not being supple- 
mented by a familiarity with the fundamental principles 
of naval architecture, he generally failed when he at- 
tempted to apply it outside of his specialty. The system 
was in every way unsuited for modern methods, where the 
construction of large and complicated vessels in a very 
short time calls for the concerted labor of many mechanics 
all working ^closely to detailed and accurate plans pre- 
pared in advance. It also calls for the immediate pres- 
ence of the designer in the yard, and makes it impossible 
for yachts to be built from his designs in distant yards. 
While serving to develop that sound judgment and 
practical common sense which are essential to success in 
designing, this system fell far short in that it required 
years of experience and usually many failures before a 
man was competent to turn out satisfactory work, even in 
one particular type of yacht; and for this reason it is 
specially unsuited for the beginner and the amateur. 
These latter, while having time for reading and study, 
are seldom so situated as to be able to build yacht after 
yacht and thus acquire the experience of the practical 
builder; and for them at least some different system is 
necessary. While each designer to-day has his own special 
methods of working, differing in details from those of 
others, the art and profession of yacht besigning is based 
on certain principles recognized by all its followers, and 
in presenting these we shall endeavor to follow those 
methods which are most simple, direct and easily under- 
stood by the novice. 
The London Sailing Club Model Competition. 
The London Sailing Club will bold another of its model competitions 
at its club bouse, Lower Mall, Hammersmith, London, from Feb. 11 
to 22, Sundays excepted. The class selected this year is the iSft. 
linear rating, under the new Y. E, A. rule, which replaces the old half- 
rating class. The competition is open to Americans. Last year two 
entries were received from ttia Unicrd States. 
The London Sailing Club has decided to hold an exhibition and com- 
petition for half models and drawings of boats of 18£t. linear rating, 
as there is every prospect of this being the popular class for the ensu- 
ing season, 
The following is the new Y. R. A. rule for ascertaining linear 
" rating: 
„ L. + B. + .75G. + ,5 Vs. A. 
E= 2 
'Tn this formula L. = lengthen l.w.I. as now measured; B. = great- 
est beam wherever found; G. = under-water girth of the vessel from 
l.w.I. to l.w,!, taken at .6 of the load waterline from its fore end and 
measured along the actual outline of the vertical cross section at that 
station. It the draft forward exceeds the draft at that station, twice 
such excess to be added to G. In the case of centerboards, the ex- 
treme depth of the board (.when dropped to its fui! extent below the 
keeO mult iplied by 1 5 to be added to G. In taking these measure- 
ments all hollows in the fore and aft under-water profile of ihs v«ssel 
to be treated as filled up straight. Bulb or ballasted board to be 
measured in the same way as fixed or fin-keels. S. A. = saii area as 
now measured " 
By way of explanation the formula written out would be as follows: 
To the length oi the load waterline add the greatest beam wherever 
found; to this add three-quarters of the under-water girth measure e 
from load line to load line round the skin of the yacht and under th e 
keel; to this add one-half, the square root of the sail area, and divid 
the whole sum by two. The quotient will be the linear feet rating. 
A table of squares, cubes and roots will be required. The best la 
Barlow's, published by Messrs. Spon, Strand. 
Mr. Dixon Kemp has kindly consented to act as judge and will award 
the prizes. . , iL , , , 
Following the precedent adopted in the former exhibitions held 
under the auspices of the club for the purpose of equalizing the chajces 
of amateur designers in competing with p ofessionals, the finish of the 
models will not be calculated as an element of merit in awarding the 
prizes. For the protection of professional designers all models and 
designs entered for the exhibition will remain the property of the per- 
sons exhibiting them, and no one will be allowed, under any circum- 
stances, to take any measurements, except the j udge for the purpose 
° A membfer of the committee of the club will be present throughout 
the time the exhibition is open to insure the strict observance of this 
restriction aeainst taking measurements. 
No exhibitor may in any way whatever disclose his identity, eitner 
on his models, drawings, 'or particulars, until after the judging has 
taken place and the prizes bean awarded, and no exhibitor will under 
any circumstances be awarded a prize in respect of any models or 
drawings on which his name or identity, exespt. in the sealed envelope, 
ia in any way disclosed. . 
Entry for the competition must be made by application in writing to 
the honorary secretary of tho London Sailing Club, and on payment 
of an entrance fee of 5s. for each model proposed to be exhibited, a 
card for each proposed exhibit will be furnished, containing the ex- 
hibitor's name and address. No application for entries will be re- 
ceived after Saturday, ths 1st February, 1896. 
The models packed in a box containing the drawings and measure- 
meiits hereafter referred to, and also the entrance card inclosed in a 
sealed envelope marked "Entrance Card," must be delivered at the 
Club House, Lower Mall, Hammersmith, on or before Friday, Feb. 7, 
1836. , . . . 
The honorary secretary will, on receipt of the boxes containing the 
models, mark in the order in which they are received a number on 
each model, drawing, and sealed envelope, for the purpose of indentifl- 
cation. The sealed envelope will not be opened until after the prizes 
have been awarded. 
HEIJUIRWHENTS. 
1. A half model of hull of a boat of 18ft, linear rating, scale lin.= 
lft 
The following drawings and particulars rray also be deposited with 
the model: , . , , . , , 
2. Sheer plan, scale ltn.=lft. The point at which girth is taken 
should be marked on the keel and l.w.I. 
S. Body plan, scale 1 in. = lft. 
4. Half-breadth plan, ditto, ditto. 
5. Centers of buoyancy and lateral resistance to be marked on 
sheer plan. 
6. Displacement. 
7. Weight of proposed ballast inside and on keel. / 
8. Material of centerboard (if any), and manner of working it. 
The drawings and particulars, Nos. 2 to 8 inclusive, are required by 
the judsre to enable him to form a correct estimate of the models. 
Supplying them is, however, optional on the part of the competitors, 
but they must understand that the merits of a design may fall to be 
observed if a model only is placed before the judge. A competitor 
may, however, inclose all or any of the drawings and particulars m a 
sealed envelope and mark the same for the use of the judge only, in 
which event the drawings and particulars will be produced to the 
judge at the time of his making the award, and afterward sealed and 
returned by post to the competitor. 
The club will give a first prize of 7 guineas to the best boat accord- 
ing the judge's award. 
A second prize of 4 guineas, 
A third prize of 1 guinea. 
And also such certificates of merit as the judge may award. 
The committee of the club will take every possible care of the 
models and drawings of the exhibitors, but they undertake no legal 
liability whatever for any loss or damage. 
The decision of the committee, except in the award of prizes, in all 
matters of dispute arising out of the competition and exhibition will 
be binding and final on ail exhibitors. 
The exhibition will be opened on Tuesday, Feb. 11, 1898, and remain 
open until and including Saturday, Feb. 22, between the hours of 2 
and 9:30 P. M., Sundays excepted. 
Admission free. 
Any further information desired will be furnished on application to 
the honorary secretary, Liondon Sailing Club, Lower Mall, Hammer- 
smith. 
YACHTING NEWS NOTES. 
Seabury & Co. hare an order for a composite steam yacht for John 
P. Duncan, of New York, to be 140ft. over all, 114ft. l.w.I., 17£t, beam, 
9ft. 6in. depth, and 7ft. draft, with schooner rig. 
" Brunhilde, sohr., has been sold by David H. King, Jr., to Mr. 
Marsley, of Vermont, who will make a cruise to the West Indies this 
winter. 
Capt Chas. Barr and his bride arrived in New York on Dec. 25 on 
the State of Nebraska from Glasgow. 
On Dec. 23 the Audubon Y. C. elected the following officers: Com., 
John Kurstenier; Vice-Com., W. H. Phillips; Fleet Capt., M. Arvidson; 
Treas., E. Schurler; Fin. Sec'y, G. T. Wooster;Rec. Sec'y, A. B. Van 
Riper; Meas., R. B. Saul; Steward, Daniel Sherman. 
Ex-Com. Gerry has acquired, with Messrs. Robert and Ogden Goelet, 
a one third interest in the valuable wharf property at Newport leased 
to the New York Y. C. 
AMERICAN CANOE ASSOCIATION, 1 895. 
Commodore, Win. R. Huntington, Rome, N. Y. 
Sec'y-Treas., Thos. H. Stryker, Rome, N. Y. 
Librarian, W. P. Stephens, Bayonne, N. J. 
PURSERS. 
Atlantic Division, H. M. Dater, 30? Adelphi street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Central Division, Wm. H. Martin, Rochester, N. Y. 
Eastern Division, R. H. Hammond, Worcester, Mass. 
Northern Division, Douglas H. McDougal, Toronto, Canada. 
Annual dues, $1; initiation fee. $1. 
Annual meet, Aug. 14-28, Grindstone Island, St. Lawrence River. 
WESTERN CANOE ASSOCIATION, 1895-96. 
Commodore, C. F, Pennewell, Detroit, Mich. 
Vice-Commodore, Nat. H. Cook, Chicago, III. 
Rear-Commodore, E. H. Holmes, Milwaukee, Wis. 
Sec'y-Treas,, W. D. Stearns, Detroit, Mich. 
T Executive Committee: R. M Lamp, Madison, Wis. ; C. J. Steadman, 
Cincinnati, O. ; F. W. Dickens, Milwaukee, Wis. 
New York C. C. 
The New York C. C. has sent out the following invitation, printed in 
red and black in elaborate style: 
New York C. C— Twenty-fifth year,i 3 896-1871. — I hereby warn you 
that the inauguration of the officers of the New York 0. 0. for 1896 
will take place at the club house, with solemn and fitting ceremonies, 
Saturday evening, Jan. 4, 1896, between the hours of 8 and 12. If you 
have any objections, speak or forever hold your ppace. Members 
only will be admitted. It is exceedingly important that you should be 
present if you can possibly so arraDge your family and business 
affairs. No one carrying concealed weapons or wearing evening dress 
will be admitted, a searching cammitiee will guard the door. , A rare- 
bit will be forthcoming before adjournment, and a circie wili;be formed 
around the mystic cauldron. The regular dinner will be served at 6:30. 
Toronto C. C. 
The Toronto C. O. held its annual general meeting on Dec. 20, a 
large and enthusiastic number of members being present. 
The secretary reported an increase of membership of 39 for the 
year, making the roll of members in good standing 206. 
The treasurer's statement shows a balance of cash in hand of 
$366.14. • , 
The interior of the club house has recently undergone a thorough 
renovating, being painted, kalsomined and v»rmsued throughout. 
Saturday club nights and whist matches are more popular than 
ever. Once a month is held ladles' night, when dancing is indulged in 
from 8:30 to 11:30, tbe main club room, capable of accommodating 
sixty couple, being always taxed to its utmost capacity. 
The club held one general cruise during the year to Tobico, a 
beautiful camping ground about fifteen miles west of the city. It 
was only for four days, but was participated in by some rif cy-flve 
members. _ 
The Toronto C C. can now boast of holding the American Canoe 
Association Paddling Trophy and the Toronto O. C. International 
Paddling Trophy, both by R. O. King, also four championships of 
Toronto, having defeated all comers in open races. 
Members are already talking of the A, C. A. meet of 1897. Indica- 
tions are, that tbe Toronto C. C. will again be well represented by 
probably sixty to seventy-five members. 
Herbert R. Tilley, who has held the position of commodore for two 
years and proved himself to be an energetic and capable officer, 
retires, and Geo. Wilkie is elected commodore by acclamation. Other 
officers are: „ _ „ 
Vice-Com., Fred Woodland; Rear-Corn., A. E. Bell; Secretary, J. H. 
Watling; Treasurer, F. M. Purdy. 
Member of Committee— O. H. Wilson. 
House Committee— Ab. Young, Geo, A. Howell, and F. B. Andrews. 
Regatta Committee— W. F. Gouinlock, C. D. Lennox, C. Shaw, A. 
G. E. Carruthers, and A. E. Bell. 
The Central Division Report. 
The following is the purser's report from the Central Division, 
A C, A., which was not received until a short time since. The other 
reports have been published. 
REPORT OF THE PURSER FOR 1895. 
Expenditures. 
Nov. 20, 1894, to expressage, books, etc., from ex-purser $ 65 
Feb. 1, 1895, Wm. M. Stetson's bill, printing, etc 6 75 
A. C. A Sec'y-Treas 175 75 
April 12, Postage, Year Book. 31 01 
July 6, Postage 10 50 
Postage ■• i u° 
Balance due A, C. A ..jiW 
Balance 
$620 13 
Receipts, 
Nov. 12, 1891, received from former purser $411 13 
Dues, 1893 ■ » 00 
Dues, 1894. 
Dues, 1895 , 
Initiation fees 
10 00 
366 00 
30 00 
Membership. 
$620 13 
188 
Members per last report ■ 
New members , °0 
Reinstated 6 ~ ™ 
Dropped 18 
Gain. 
15 15 
Presen t membership •• :■,;*■■■ , 
Approved. Wm. O. Hack&tt, Purser, Albany, N. Y 
W. R. Huntinotos, Com. 
T. H. Stryker, Sec'y-Treas. 
203 
xp §mge and $alkrg. 
Policemen Learn how to use the Revolver. 
New York city's police force now possess a school of instruction in 
revolver practice. It opened on Monday, Dec 30, at a few minutes 
before noon. Sergeant W. E. Petty, himself an expert pistol shot, is 
in charge of the school and superintends all the work connected there- 
with. Together with four assistants— all specially detailed from the 
police force— he will endeavor to teach New York's patrolmen how to 
use their revolvers so that they may become in their hands the 
weapons of offense and defense that they properly should be. Forest 
and Stream has urged from time to time the necessity of such a 
course of instruction; that it was correct in its premises will be 
clearly shown when the first report of Sergt. Petty is handed in to the 
police emmissioners. 
The "school" is located in the basement of the 9th Regt. Armory, 
Park avenue and 95th street; two tunnels in the basement form the 
gallery; in each tunnel there are two targets, with an attendant for 
each target. Thus four pupils can be instructed at the same time. 
The construction of these tunnels, together with a description of the 
targets used, etc , was given in full in our issue of Dec. 7. The target 
used is the Creedmoor 100yds. military target. 
It required but a brief glance at the men at the firing point to note 
that very few knew anything about revolvers, either how to load, 
handle or fire them. Wild bullets were very numerous, those that 
really hit the target being comparatively scarce. Still Sergt. Petty 
was by no means discouraged; on the contrary, be said: 
"The practice is better than I expected, and we have some really 
good shots among the men on the force. Many of our men don't 
know much about a revolver just yet, but we will show a marked im- 
provement in their work when their turn comes for a second trial. The 
targets made by each man will show plainly enough that this course 
of instruction was badly needed; the records will be kept carefully 
and we can then tell from time to time just how each man gets along, 
that is, whether he is improving or going backward." 
The patrolmen from the First Precinct were the first body of men to 
receive instruction on Monday morning. Just what sort of a job 
Sergt. Petty has on hand may be judged from the following figures: 
Four men can be handled at one time, and ten minutes will be devoted 
to instructing each man in the use of a .38cal. Smith & Wesson 
revolver, either single or double action. During that ten minutes he 
will have to fire fifteen shots at the target and abide by the results. 
A highest possible is 75 points, and it will require 45 or better to qualify. 
The conditions are: 30ft. range, 15 shots, Ureedmoor military target 
for 100yds. practice, 4in. bullseye. 
Targeting for Turkeys. 
Okoville, Wash— Editor Forest and Stream: I had an invitation 
to eat Thanksgiving dinner at Oroville. I tatidled my cayuse quite 
early and went down. Noticing quite a numoer of rifles beujnd the 
counter at Bears store. I asked him if he bad started into the second- 
hand gun business. "Oh no," said he, ' the boys are going to have a 
turkey shoot. Why did you not bring your .22?" 1 replied that I had 
known nothing of their intentions. 
Soon Ed. Lathrop came in, carrying a target, and announced that 
he had five nice gobblers to be shot for. All hands went out on to the 
bank of the Similkameen, and after stepping off 75yds. put up their 
target. Globe and peep sights were barred Six ot us at 25 cents each 
took a chance. I borrowed a .45-90 Winchester and opened the game. 
When 1 raised the rifle I could not see the sights to do any good, so I 
put on my glasses; then I could see the sight all rigiit, but could not 
see the target. But shoot I had paid for and I was going to. I asked 
the man wnen I should hold and ne said "Fire." I tired and hit the 
target lOin. too high. The boys all laughed after the six had shot. I 
was awarded the leather medal, being the worst. 
Well, we put in again. This time I fired a single shot Winchester 
and missed the target. One of the other boys missed the target too, 
so he and I shot off our tie. I missed again. 
Well, it was not very encouraging, but I put up again and shot the 
rifle I had first tried and held as near as I cuuld about a foot low. The 
judge hollered out, "Lew's tuikey." 1 was suiprised, for it was 
met ely guesswork. But such work with the boys is highly appre- 
ciated by Lew Wilmot. 
Iroquois Rifle Club. 
The Iroquois Rifle Club, of Pittsburg, Pa., celebrated Christmas by an 
all-comers' gallery shoot held at its indoor rifle range, 1717 Jane street, 
S 8 The conditions of the contest were as follows: Off-hand, with 
.22cal. rifles on the reduced S. A. target, three shots per target, the best 
three targets of each shooter counting for prizes; $ 1 for three tickets, 
re-entries being unlimited Twenty-two shooters, representing the 
Bridgeviile, Manor, Carnegie, Pittsburg and Iroquois rifle clubs, took 
part in the shooting, whicn began at 10 A, M. and concluded at 10:30 
P M. Great enthusiasm and interest were manifested by the devotees 
of this branch of rifle shooting who were present on the occasion, 
and some excellent scores were made The cash prizes, amounting 
to $50, were distributed to the following shooters, whose Bcores are 
appended, the possible total score being 90: 
Albert Hofmeister ... .30 29 29- 88 J Whiting .28 27 26-81 
H Snarling 30 28 28-86 Dr D L Aber... , 27 27 27-81 
C P Mayer 29 28 27-84 T H Keniers 27 26 26-79 
F G Broadhead .29 27 27— f 3 R Henry 30 25 23—78 
August Hofmeister.. . .28 28 26-82 L G Graul 24 23 33-70 
