NUMBER 4 0 . 39 



controls laid on ecological patterns identifies carbonate build- 

 ups, potentially of millennial ages, which are further crucial to 

 acquiring lengthy paleoclimatic data. 



Finally, contrary to the prevailing view of corallines as sim- 

 ple cushions built by filaments, we show how multiple complex 

 anatomical features, which can be called tissues, and reproduc- 

 tive structures of combined tissues, which can be interpreted as 

 organs, are the norm. These are key elements to understanding 

 phylogenetic analyses and evolutionary patterns in corallines 

 and other red algae. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



This was a multiyear project that covered thousands of 

 miles of coast and was carried out with a research vessel that at 

 times used the services of many boatyards and ports in the Cana- 

 dian Maritimes and the Gulf of Maine. It would be impractical 

 to acknowledge individually the many crew members and shore 

 supporters who helped our research, and here we credit only the 

 key individuals involved directly in collection and research. 



Matthew Suskiewicz was our chief diver for the 2010 and 

 2011 cruises and did all of the collecting during that period. 

 Nick Caloyianis provided the key underwater images, and David 

 Grimard and Steve Allen were the principle support divers. 

 Karen Loveland Adey and Erik Adey provided considerable lo- 

 gistic support both at sea and during the analytical phases. The 

 superb SEM facilities of the Smithsonian's National Museum of 

 Natural History and the ever-present and critical support of its 

 director, Scott Whittaker, made possible the large set of critical 

 SEM images. Dean Calahan and Jennifer Barker provided signifi- 

 cant editorial services. Collections made in the Aleutian Islands 

 and Baffin Island were credited in Materials and Methods. 



Funding for this project was provided by Ecological Systems 

 Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council 

 of Canada, through the University of Toronto and Laval Univer- 

 sity and the Botany Department of the Smithsonian's National 

 Museum of Natural History. 



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