The Coralline Genus Clathromorphum 

 Foslie emend. Adey 



Biological, Physiological, and Ecological Factors Controlling 

 Carbonate Production in an Arctic-Subarctic Climate Archive 



INTRODUCTION 



Millennial understanding of past climate variability in the Subarctic and Arctic re- 

 gions is crucial to prediction of the impacts of anthropogenic climate change both in the 

 Northern Hemisphere and globally. In warmer latitudes, abundant tree ring and pollen 

 data in the terrestrial environment and coral and bivalve data in the marine environment 

 can provide data on past climates. However, considering the crucial role that sea ice, 

 with its albedo effect, plays in controlling incoming solar energy, midlatitude data are 

 inadequate to provide an understanding of global climate processes. Although recent 

 studies have shown that encrusting coralline algae, abundant in shallow high-latitude 

 seas, can record paleoclimatic information, considerable variation of unknown origin 

 has provided conflicted analyses. In this volume we endeavor to show how an extensive 

 field and laboratory effort directed at species of the coralline genus Clathroniorphiiiu 

 can provide a detailed understanding of the complex biology, physiology, ecology, and 

 habitat geomorphology of these species, which, in turn, can direct laboratory analysis 

 and data interpretation. 



The Subarctic Shallow Benthos and Cold-Water Carbonates 



Walter H. Adey, Department of Botiiny, National 

 Museum of Natural Historyi, Smithsonian Insti- 

 tution, Washmgton, D.C., 20013-7012, USA; 

 Jochen Halfar, Department of Chemical and 

 Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Missis- 

 sauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L IC6, Canada; 

 Branwen 'Williams, Keck Science Department, 

 Claremont McKenna-Pitzer-Scripps Colleges, 

 Claremont, California 91711, USA. Correspon- 

 dence: W. H. Adey, adeyw@si.edu. Manuscript 

 received 1 7 October 2012; accepted 5 June 2013. 



The Northern Hemisphere Subarctic region, as defined by the Thermogeographic 

 Model, quantitatively demonstrated with crustose corallines (Adey and Steneck, 2001), 

 and further supported by quantitative analyses of benthic seaweeds (Adey and Hayek, 

 2011), stretches from the northwestern North Pacific to the northwestern North Atlantic. 

 Many benthic species that characterize the Subarctic occur in both Pacific and Atlantic 

 segments of the region (Olsen et al., 2004; Adey et al., 2008), although the separated 

 populations tend to be genetically distinct (Addison and Hart, 2005; Coyer et al., 2006). 

 Relatively few species are endemic to the North Atlantic Subarctic, whereas many spe- 

 cies are endemic to the considerably larger North Pacific Subarctic (Briggs, 2003). The 

 Arctic has very few endemic genera and only a small number of species; it is dominated 

 by Subarctic species (Adey et al., 2008). 



