Contents 



INTRODUCTION 1 



The Subarctic Shallow Benthos and Cold-Water Carbonates 1 



The Distribution of Clathroniorphiiiu Species 2 



Biology and Ecology of Clathromorphiini 4 



Calcification 6 



The Need for an Arctic-Subarctic Archive 6 



Corallines as Climate Proxies 8 



Mg/Ca Ratios and Seawater Temperature 8 



Ba/Ca Ratios and Salinity 8 



Growth as a Climate Archive 8 



Isotopic Composition 8 



MATERIALS AND METHODS 8 

 Clathromorphum coinpacttini (North Atlantic, Labrador Sea, and Arctic) 10 



Clathromorphttm ncrcostratiDu (Aleutian Islands) 1 1 



Specimen Preparation 1 1 



Terminology 1 1 



RESULTS 1 1 



Reproduction 1 1 



Reproduction in Clatlironiorphiini compactuin 14 



Reproduction in Clathromorphum nercostratiim 16 



Cellular and Anatomical Structure 17 



Biologically Induced Etching as a Source of Information 21 



Growth Rate 22 



Wall Structure and Calcification 24 



Ecology and Geomorphology 28 



Tissue Irregularity 31 



Chiton Grazing 31 



Sea Urchin Grazing 32 



Conceptacle Breakout 33 



Death Due to Disease 33 



DISCUSSION 33 



Climate Archives 33 



Mechanisms of Calcification 34 



