26 
JDOITBLE MOULD BOAED PLOW. 
Plate XVII. 
§ 150. This plow is used for furrowing land preparatory to planting ; for plowing between 
rows of planted crops, for hilling them; for trenching or surface draining as well as ridging, 
as is often done in low or wet lands, preparatory to planting on the ridges. It is very 
useful, and does double work of a common plow, and better, while it is drawn with the same 
ease. There are three sizes, ranging from a very light plow of thirty-five to eighty pounds. 
SUBSOIL PLOW. 
Plate XVII. 
§ 151. This plow is properly named, and is the second in the plate ; and is a subsoiler in 
peration as well as name. It is used by a second, team, which follows after another with 
he common plow, and simply penetrates deeper and breaks up the subsoil to any desired 
depth, according to size of plow and power of the team ; and when thus broken up leaves 
it in the same furrow, to be covered where it lies by the next furrow of the common plow, 
which precedes it throughout the field. For many soils this system of plowing is adopted 
and is indispensable to secure a more uniform moisture and temperature of the earth, as well 
as to break up the hard pan or bottom, caused hy previous cultivation, which from years of 
shallow plowing have become trodden hard and almost impervious to the roots of plants or 
to the warmth, moisture or air from above or below. 
$ 152. These plow patterns are from those most approved in the highest cultivated sections 
of Scotland, from whence were imported, in 1840, the first and best samples, and made 
entirely of wrought iron, which were of Smith's Patent, of Deanstone, Scotland. They have 
been reconstructed, and wood substituted for iron, and cheapened, so that a plow is now 
furnished at this establishment which will do the same work and with much more ease to 
both man and team, for one-third the price of the imported plows. As shown in the plate, 
it has the dial gauge clevis, and gauge-wheel upon the beam. The body of the plow consists 
of a plate casting, extending from the bottom to the beam, and about one inch thick. It 
has a share about four to six inches broad at the bottom, and also a shelf or lifter which has 
one end fitted to the point, and extends to the rear of the plow. This lifter is adjustable, 
high or low, and serves to break up the subsoil, and allows it to fall in its rear. 
$ 153. Some of them have the point extended on both sides alike, and a lifter on each side 
also. These last are used mostly for mole draining, as the lifters raise the earth from the 
bottom and disturb it, and when they have passed, the earth on both sides falling at the 
same time, meet each other before they can reach the bottom, and there remains the simple 
crevice of an inch, made by the body of the plow closing, and leave a triangular arched drain. 
For cold and wet grass meadows and pastures, this is an excellent plan for draining surface 
water, allowing air and heat to penetrate, and it will last several years in most soils. 
§ 154. A subsoil plow run once through, between the rows of planted crops, as corn, &c, 
when it is quite small, will add materially to the product on any land. 
Emery's Cylinder Dynamometer. 
§ 155. In testing and experimenting with plows, the greatest difficulty has been found in 
determining the relative ease of draft, as no instrument in use was calculated to determine it; 
leaving almost as much to the decisions of the operators and the judges' minds and observa- 
tions, as to the instrument itself. From this need of a proper instrument, the following was 
designed, and found, when completed, to answer all purposes, and with an accuracy not 
otherwise determined. It has been used in selecting and testing the plows here offered to 
the public, as well as a great many others not in this catalogue. 
It consists of a strong iron cylinder about eight inches 
long, and two and a half diameter,into which a piston is 
ground steam-tight ; the piston rod passing through a 
stuffing box in the cylinder head, and receiving in its 
end the draft ring. 
This cylinder being filled with a non-elastic fluid, and 
the piston having a small orifice through it, it can be 
drawn from end to end as the fluid changes position 
through the orifice in it, and the aggregate amount of 
power consumed by each plow during its operation is 
self-registered on the piston rod on the completion of its 
furrow. See figs. 1 and 2. 
$ 156. This has become the acknowledged standard for measuring the force and resistance 
of all kinds of agricultural implements, as plows, mowers, reapers, wagons, &c, &c, and 
adopted by a large number of agricultural societies, including the United States, several State 
and county societies in the United States, as well as the Colonial Societies of Canada. They 
can now be supplied to agricultural societies, with all necessary fixtures for attaching to 
plows, reaping machines, &c, with a substantial case to contain, for $50 each. 
