364 
FOREST 'AND » STREAM. 
[Oct. 27, 18M. 
angler's fly, the silvery ones selrtom rising on the same 
day as the yellow ones." (It will be noted that Mr. Mal- 
lock speaks of the "yellow ones," and I have observed 
that in England the common is called brown trout, and 
in Scotland, it is generally called yellow trout.) 
' 'Both the food and water they are reared in have a 
great effect in changing their color and appearance. As 
to your fancying the trout now being a cross between the 
original inhabitants and the trout which have been put 
in since the lake bpcame landlocked, I cannot think it 
can be correct. None have been introduced to my 
knowledge since 1874, and if there had been I would have 
heard of it." 
Mr. Malloch then quotes from Dr. Day's "British and 
Irish Salmonidtz:" "Mr. David Marshall, of Kinross, re- 
marks that the date of the connection of the late Mr. 
Campbell Marshall, his father and himself as tacksmen of 
Loch Leven begins with Sept. 1, 1839, and ends with Sept. 
1, 1874, and that no such piece of work, i.e., restocking 
Loch Leven from other waters, was done during those 
years, and if any thing had been done previously, they 
were sure to have known it." 
Mr. Malloch continues: "What is a pure Loch Leven? I 
think this requires yet to be proved. I have never be- 
lieved Loch Leven trout to be a distinct species. No two 
lochs in Scotland hold trout alike in appearance, and 
Loch Leven is no exception to the others. I am perfectly 
certain that if Loch Leven and its tributaries were depleted 
of their trout to-morrow and others introduced from 
wherever you like, in a short time you would have the 
same class of trout as are now in it. It is the rich feed- 
ing and the shallowness of the loch that alter the appear- 
ance both internally and externally. Whenever the lochs 
are shallow, have clear water and rich feeding, the trout 
assumes the appearance of Loch Leven trout. In several 
lochs in Sutherland where this is the case, we find trout 
one could scarcely distinguish from those of Loch Leven. 
Take, for instance, Loch Slatel, Loch Leer, Loch Coorach 
and Loch Crospuill, where the trout are even better shaped 
than Loch Leven fish. Also in Loch Stennis, in Orkney, 
and in many of the tidal rivers they take on the same 
markings as those of Loch Leven. Then again, in Loch 
Mulach-Corrie, the trout look more like a distinct species 
than Loch Leven trout, and yet they are nothing else 
than ordinary trout altered in shape and color by the 
nature of the feeding found there. 
"Many thousands of Loch Leven trout have been dis- 
tributed over the lochs of Sutherland during the past few 
years. Many of the lochs into which they have been in- 
troduced I have fished year after year, and I have never 
yet been able to tell the one from the other, nor have I 
met any other angler that has, which shows that they 
have adapted themselves to their environment, and have 
become the same as their neighbors." 
Thus far the testimony that I have presented upon this 
subject has been that of anglers, except as Mr. Mallock 
speaks as a naturalist. The very conditions mentioned by 
Mr. Malloch as necessary to produce thejcoloring of Loch 
Leven trout doubtless exist in Castalia Creek, which is 
noted for its rich food. Elsewhere, so far as I can find, the 
Loch Leven trout develop the red spots and the general 
color and appearance of the brown trout. 
Testimony of a Scientist. 
Dr. Francis Day, who carefully examined the Loch 
Leven trout, and had every facility for a thorough com- 
parison of this fish and the brown trout placed at his dis- 
posal by Sir James Maitland, was one of the greatest of 
English ichthyologists, and his opinion upon the question 
of sppcies should be conclusive. Dr. Day says in his 
Salmonidce, page 224: "Having thus seen that in its 
(the Loch Leven trout) external form either the differ- 
ences which have been stated to exist between this fish 
and the brook trout (fario) are erroneous, or else they are 
liable to alteration when the fish is removed to another 
locality, I think all must admit that such unstable differ- 
ences are insufficient for the purpose of constituting 
species." 
Dr. Parnell has said: "The Loch Leven trout has never 
any red spots." Dr. Day in commenting upon this says: 
"That these fish are generally without red spots up to a 
certain age is of very common occurrence. * * * As 
the fish becomes older three main types of color are 
observable, a slaty or greenish gray, becoming lighter 
beneath, and the upper two-thirds of the body and the 
dorsal fin spotted with black, and the fins are generally 
grayish black. This form of color is prevalent up to the 
end of the fourth season, and may be looked upon as equiv- 
alent to the silvery stage of the salmon smolt, or grilse, 
but I have never seen one over four years of age continuing 
this livery. The second is that of an older form, and a 
general purplish golden, densely covered with .black spots, 
among which some red ones are usually to be seen. * * 
The third form * * * which consists of under sized 
fish * * * have the colors of the brook (brown) trout 
with orange tipped adapose dorsal fins." Dr. Day relates 
that a lot of yearling Loch Leven trout taken from 
the same hatching were placed in two prepared ponds, 
each furnishing different food in the main, although some 
kinds of food were common to both. In two and a half 
years' time the fish were removed and "very great differ- 
ences were, percerjtible both in size and color among these 
two sets of fishes — those in the upper pond being silvery 
with a few black spots, whereas those in the lower pond 
were of much larger size, covered with spots, and having 
purple and golden reflections." It now seems to me plain 
that the Loch Leven trout are nothing more than the 
brown trout with color and characteristics due to envir- 
onment and food, and this being so there is just as much 
necessity for the exercise of care and judgment in plant- 
ing LocU Leven trout with our native trout as there is in 
planting the brown trout. 
The necessity of furnishing food for fish, if they are to 
be at their best, is becoming better understood by our 
anglers (fidhculturists have long realized the importance 
of it), and in some instances they are acting upon this 
knowledge. Dr. Day mentions the food in the two pre- 
pared ponds already referred to. Both ponds contained 
small crustaceans, but the pond containing the larger 
trout contained the larva of JEphemeridce and the Ameri- 
can weed Anaeharis (water thynes), and stonewort, with 
water crowfoot on the surface, which were not found in 
the pond with the smaller trout. Apparently the English 
fish breeders appreciate 'the value of food for fish more 
than we do. I have a price list before me of a Scotch 
fishculturist, in which over fifty different aquatic plants 
are offered for sale for stocking fish ponds. 
A. N. Cheney, 
A PARADISE FOR POACHERS. 
Not a great ways from Henry's Lake Bottom, Idaho, 
there gushes from under the hillside one of the finest 
streams of clear, cold water that it has ever been my good 
fortune to see. This stream, the North or Henry's Lake 
Fork of Snake River, is as clear as crystal and a river in 
size, teeming with cut-throat trout. 
Here, although it is against the laws of Idaho, you can, 
with other boon companions you will find there, wield the 
spear and draw the seine with grand results; sometimes in 
a night with the murderous spear your catch, depending 
on your skill, may run 500 to l,0001bs. of Rocky Mountain 
or cut-throat trout. If tired of this ennobled way of 
taking your fish, you can draw the stream-destroying 
seine through some of its magnificent pools, and, lo! you 
have indeed a catch that fills your wagon, without the 
exhaustive, tiresome mode of transfixing them one by 
one. 
Are there no laws in Idaho forbidding the taking of 
these trout in such a manner? Oh, yes, indeed, a good 
and stringent law; but you must not be afraid, it is virtu- 
ally a dead letter. You can, with the others, openly seine 
or spear without molestation. If you should by any mis- 
take be arrested, the judge will let you off, as he has 
heard that these fish are salmon trout. See? 
The authorities of Idaho do not think enough of this 
magnificent trout stream and its fish to see the laws exe- 
cuted. Why should you? It will be necessary'for you to 
get in your work soon, however, or it will not pay you to 
go out there and seine and spear. The other fellows are 
working hard night and day, and there won't be anything 
to spear or seine in another year. I should advise going 
to Henry's Lake this winter and spear them through the 
ice; there are only thirty or forty others going to do it, 
and with their help you can readily make a clean sweep, 
a grand round-up, as it were, of what is left over the 70 
tons taken last winter in this place and in the same legiti- 
mate way. To be sure, the mangled fish don't bring a 
very high price in market, not quite so much on the aver- 
age as bullheads or pickerel. It costs the tourist and vis- 
iting sportsmen from $2 to $5 per pound for all they catch 
with rod and reel, but the State don't care to encourage 
the visiting sportsman to come to their borders and leave 
their money, and they won't be bothered with them long. 
Do not hesitate to go on account of the laws; with the 
other fisherman you can stand off any one who dares to 
meddle with your vocation. The State authorities are too 
busy to enforce the law, and in a year or so it won't mat- 
ter about the law, anyway, as there will be no fish and 
you will be seeking pastures new. 
It may be when the State wakes up and finds her fish 
all gone, she may appoint game wardens and spend some 
thousands of dollars in restocking her depleted streams, 
but the thing is to get your work in now; spear, net, 
shoot, any way, only get them, and be very expeditious 
about it, too, for they won't last long, as you can readily 
imagine. Salt Lake. 
A Minnesota Bass Water. 
West Duluth, Minn., Oct. 12. — I inclose letter from 
my friend, Mr. Lott, which explains itself. The bass was 
a big-mouth, and the largest I have ever seen. Mr. Lott 
and I fished the same ground the week following his big 
catch, and I was fortunate enough to secure one of 5lbs. 
8oz. Have not done much fishing this season. E. L. 
Aitkin, Minn., Aug. 6.— Friend L.: I send to your 
address by this train per the N. P. Express Co. nicely 
packed in ice and salt, a very fine specimen of the bass 
that are striking flies nowadays down here. This fellow 
tipped the beam live weight at 7ilbs. ; he measured 22in. 
long, girth 16in., head 7in. He was caught in Lilly Lake 
with a Setb Green big 4 fly and he fought hard for his 
life. I was about ten minutes getting him to my landing 
net and then I nearly lost him after getting him in the 
boat. I was induced by some of the boys who saw him 
to have him photographed. I did so, but I am afraid I have 
not got a good picture. You know art can't do justice to 
such a living beauty as he was. However, you can have 
him baked, and when you sit down to enjoy the dish, with 
its delicious flavor, just try and imagine how once he 
amused me while my fine was cutting the water with that 
peculiarly musical swish — and my reel sang that sweet old 
song to me, I wish you could have had him on your hook; 
I know how you would enjoy it, and then he would have 
had a fitting obituary; but the words fail — enough; eat 
him and let me hear from you. Lilly Lake, you may 
know, is back of Woodrow, and it's almost virgin to the 
sportsman. If you come down we'll go out 
J3eorge W. Lott. 
New Jersey Bass Fishing. 
Bergen Point, N. J., Oct. 21 — Editor Forest and 
Stream: In your number of Aug. 25 I noticed an article, 
"Skittering for Bass in Swartswood Lake, New Jersey." 
I have just returned from a week's vacation spent at 
Swartswood, and can report the fishing as being very good 
at present. 
I had the best luck trolling with live bait, which can be 
• gotten at Emmans'B, where I was staying, and the best 
place for sportsmen to go. Bass, both small and large- 
mouth, I took in good numbers, and some very large 
pickerel and yellow perch, and persons who have any 
knowledge of fishing should have good luck in these 
waters. James Emmans, a farmer, lives less than a quar- 
ter of a mile from the lake. He has good boats (with 
wells in them), and his son will row or show any one the 
best places to fish. The table is good and board reason- 
able, and shooting can be had nearby in season. Swarts- 
wood. Lake can be reached by the Delaware, Lack. & West- 
ern Railroad to Newton, where Emmans will met parties 
wishing to stay at his house, and will drive them the Bix 
miles free of charge, or by the New York, Susquehanna 
& Western Railroad to Swartswood Station, which is 
about three miles from the lake. P. M. 
"Poultry for Profit" is thelnaine of a little manual published by 
Frederick Warne & Co., which gives advice of an eminently practical 
kind. It treats entertainingly of the laying breeds of fowl, of breeds 
of fowl for meat, etc., and has chapters on ducks, geese and turkeys. 
There are also very good descriptions of portable chicken houses, 
coops, etc., and a comprehensive chapter on poultry in confinement. 
Price 50 cents. 
The hunting and fishing privileges over fifty square miles of Can- 
adian caribou grounds and a great number of lakes and streams 
abounding in trout, are advertised to let this week. The situation of 
the tract makes it easy to protect. Its waters are well adapted to 
canoeing and very prolific of trout. There is also good duck shooting 
in season. The advertiser desires to open correspondence with pri 
vate individuals, and will not consider renting to clubs.— Adv. 
ghe gennel. 
P IXTURES, 
DOG SHOWS. 
Oct. 30 to Nov. 2.— Terrier Show, by New England Kennel Club, at 
Country Club, Brookline, Mass. D. E. Loveland, Sec'y, 128 Tremont 
street, Boston. 
FIELD TRIALS. 
Nov. 5— United States Field Trial Club, at Bicknell, Ind. P. T. 
Madison, Indianapolis, Ind., Sec'y. 
Nov. 6.— International Field Trials, at Chatham, Ont. W. B. Wells. 
Sec'y. 
Nov. 13.— New England Field Trial Club, Members' Sweepstake. A, 
R Sharp, Sec'y, Taunton, Mass. 
Nov. 16.— Eastern Field Trials Club, at Newton. N. C. All-Aged, 
Eastern Subscription and Selling Stakes. Entries close Oct. 1. W. A. 
Coster. Saratoga Springs. N. Y.. Sec'y. 
Dec. 17. — Southern Field Trials, at New Albany, Miss. T. M. Brumby, 
Sec'y, Marietta, Ga. 
POINTS AND FLUSHES. 
[By a Staff Correspondent.} 
The legal status of the dog is steadily gaining for. the 
better. There is a vast difference between his legal status 
now and that under the old common law when he had no 
legal standing at all. The details of legal progress may be 
unsatisfactory and slow, yet theyJl are beneficent to the dog's 
best interest as they advance his legal protection to that 
granted other property rights. 
Mention by Mr. Hough was made last week of a replevin 
suit brought by Mr. O. Nilsson, of Chicago, against Dr. E. 
Otto, to recover possession of a pointer dog stolen by the 
latter a week ago near Nilsson's premises. Otto took a con- 
tin uaoce last Saturday, and on Wednesday of this week, 
Oct. 17, when the case came up for trial, Otto failed to ap- 
pear and defend. "So now I am allowed to own my own 
dog," said Mr. Nilsson. Mr. Nilsson says he has witnesses 
to show that Otto coaxed the dog up to him, picked him up 
in his arms and carried him to the buggy, where he covered 
the dog up closely under the lap robe and drove off rapidly. 
The thing looks bad for Otto, and it is claimed that his 
large kehhel will be searched. The justice awarded Mr. 
Nilsson the remarkable sum of SI damages and costs. An 
arrest for larceny may be made later. 
I mentioned, some time since, the excellent condition of 
Mr. Thos. Johnson's dogs. I never saw a kennel which was 
so perfect in that respect. The manner of doing it will no 
doubt be of interest to all dog owners. Mr. Johnson is truly 
generous in imparting valuable information for the use of 
brother sportsmen. He seems to take a genuine pleasure in 
doing so. I am indebted to him for the information herein- 
after given in respect to a good dog food; and those who may 
use it will appreciate that he has conferred a benefit. First, 
however, let me say that Mr. Johnson does not trust to dog 
food alone to keep his dogs in good health and condition. 
His kennel yards and the dogs' sleeping quarters are so neat 
and sweet as daily scrubbing can make them. Whitewash 
is freely used. His kennel man is required to keep the quar- 
ters in a perfect state of sanitation. There is no deeply 
mystic formula in it. It is simple and in harmony with 
nature's laws. Cleanliness, good food and exercise are the 
true requirements for the dog's best development and ex- 
istence. 
The matter of a good and cheap food is alwayB important 
to the dog owner, for without good food all other effect is 
ineffectual or imperfect. 
I quote the information in Mr. Johnson's own words: 
"Re biscuits for the dogs, there is no patent on their 
manufacture, as even if there was, it would be an open 
secret for a brother sportsman. 
"I get one hundred pounds of flour and the same weight 
of 'shorts.' To the flour and shorts I add fifteen pounds of 
beef, first chipping it in a sausage machine. Also four big 
cabbages. The cabbages and beef are boiled together, and 
the flour, shorts, beef, cabbage and broth are mixed into a 
dough which is rolled and cut into proper size for cakes and 
then baked. 
"They cost me, made as above, four cents per pound. 
When I am not working my dogs, I have a biscuit made 
from the flour and shorts, which costs only about two cents 
per pound. I sometimes in winter when fish are cheap get a 
biscuit made with fish instead of beef. The dogs eat them 
with great relish. One thing is certain, the dogs keep per- 
fectly healthy and the biscuits act very nicely on the bowels. 
There is neither purging nor costiveness from them, effects 
which I have noted from other biscuits. They seem to have 
the same effect on a dog whether he is worked or kept in a 
kennel— in what kennel writers term 'innocuous desuetude.' 
I have kept them for a year and they seemed as good and 
had equally good results as when fresh." 
Concerning Field Trials. 
The following are the opinions of a gentleman who is emi- 
nent as a breeder of fine dogs, as a succussf ul competitor at 
field trials, a member of a prominent field trial club and a 
gentleman who has the respect and esteem of every one. 
It is part of a letter written to Mr. Thos. Johnson, and it is 
valuable as an expression of opinion which is rarely obtain- 
able by the public. He says: 
"I am afraid our field trials are in a bad shape; but though 
thoroughly in sympathy with field trials, and I believe 
officially connected with the , I am waiting for dif- 
ferent methods and different judgments. To whom the 
prizes go, is nothing. Anbody can see what horse is ahead 
at the post; by the same method of judging a dog's perform- 
ance would be easily misjudged. Among intelligent men 
that is now seen. The ignoring of that made you so honestly 
and rightly leave us when you were judge at the Eastern 
field trials. I have always said it and now they see it. What 
is the consequence? In whose hands are our trials? You 
have retired. You ought not to have done so. We require 
you. But your reasons are largely connected with matters 
somewhat local with you, in which my friendly'prejudicefor 
you tells me that you must be right. 
"Forward or back, I continue to keep my interest in field 
trials. I hope to show it in all the encouragement I can 
give. I have seen with regret what you saw with us, and I 
have seen since a decided improvement. 
"I think that with Derby trials, which must be considered 
trials, should be for high quality. High quality seems to be 
the term used, and of that you know as well as anybody. It 
is not shown by a puppy 'that didn't make a mistake,' but 
by one which may have shown many, but still showed that 
he had it in him and was not going back next year. Many a 
dog goes through a heat without a mistake, which is rele- 
gated afterward to a back seat. From the judgments of past 
years, where ruuaways were a permission (and I am by no 
means sure those days are past), I have always protested. I 
early protested any judgments made on points, one, two, 
three, etc. I now protest in my heart against the result of 
the judgment of past years and the phrase that we hear 'of 
being in for a piece of the money,' and of 'getting there,' 
instead of winning by merit, and of breeding and training 
so as to have the winning rather than the last dog. Those 
phrases show natures of gain, not improvement. 
"I speak now generally of the judgment of gamy dogs. In 
all, of course, the judgment should be the same in the es- 
sentials of natural qualities, with the additional require- 
ments of education, as note the development of a child to 
manhood." 
The Derbies should be for puppies, but they have ceased 
