tfov. U, 1894.] 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
4S0 
The Effect of the Wadding Material Upon the 
Performance of Shotguns. 
BY ARMIN TENNER, 
Superintendent American Testing Institution. 
The question as to what extent the performance of shotguns is gov- 
erned by the quality of try? wadding material employed in the ammu- 
nition has time and again been made the subject of more or less ex- 
haustive experiments. So far as the results ot these tests are known 
they did Dot tend to bring this rather complicated problem very near 
to a satisfactory solution. In the majority of cases the work per- 
formed lacked a systematic basis, the means and methods employed 
were, as a rule, inadequate for the occasion, and consequently the re- 
sults either did not serve as a foundation for arriving at a correct con- 
clusion, or the conclusions drawn from them rested upon false 
premises. 
The problem at issue is of a much more intricate nature than is gen- 
erally supposed by those who believeto have penetrated the mysteries 
surroundin.z the theory of shot shooting, when, in fact, they have 
barely touched its surface. 
In dealing with the subject we must take numerous factors into con- 
sideration, and endeavor to find something like a satisfactory expla- 
nation for the many strange phenomena by which we are confronted 
in trying to explain and to bring into harmony cause and effect. But 
for the very reason that this task ib quite a difficult one, the problem 
at issue presents an everlasting charm for the student of ballistics 
and the sportsman, and incites to continuous researches and experi- 
ments. Prompted by such an impulse, I have recently conducted a 
series of comparative tests between the different wadding materials 
as they are in the American market and at the disposal of "the sports- 
man, and herewith submit the results of this trial to the American 
shooting fraternity. 
I hope that my report will prove of general interest, and to serve to 
shed some light upon the much discussed and certainly important 
question referred to. 
I do not claim that the problem has been solved definitely and con- 
clusively through me, but if the reader will kindly take note of the 
figures quoted he will, I think, at least admit that neither time nor ex- 
pense has been spared to do the subject full justice. 
I can modestly assert that, to my knowledge, no wadding material 
test has ever been made before in this or any other country on so 
broad a scale as the one carried out at Dexter Park during the past 
three months. Whether, after all, the results achieved stand in any 
proportion to the sum of work performed is quite another question, 
and one the reader must decide for himself. It is sufficient to say, 
that in all over 5,000 rounds of shots were fired, and not less than 
1,000,000 single pellets counted on the 30in. circle of the target. 
The wadding material inserted between the powder and shot charges 
in shotgun ammunition serves various purposes. In the first place, it 
is intended to prevent the gases generated by the exploded powder 
charge from penetrating and disturbing the shot column. This ob- 
ject may be accomplished with any elastic, gastight material, whether 
dry or lubricated. Bv means of its elastic nature the wadding mate- 
rial is expected to neutralize or at- least diminish, to a certain extent, 
the effect of the often violent push exercised by the generated gases 
upon the shot charge, and thus prevent, especially when we are deal- 
ing with a very quick-burning powder and an abrupt cone of the car- 
tridge chamber, one of the chief causes for balling of the shot; i. e., 
that the rear portion of the shot load be driven into the foremost part 
of the shot column The lubricated wad serves, in addition, to dimin- 
ish the tendency of fouling of the barrels through the residue of the 
burned powder deposited in the bore of the gun'. 
The shotgun wad should possess a certain degree of elasticity, or, if 
several wads are employed, one of them at least, without assuming a 
spongy nature. It should neither be too heavy nor too light in pro- 
portion to its size or thickness. Although pretty satisfactory results 
are occasionally obtained with imperfect wadding, yet even —as will be 
shown later on— with one cardboard wad over the powder only, the 
quality of the material ought to be such as to impart to the wad both 
sufficient density and cihesive properties. A wad really deserving to 
be designated as a superior article, should leave the gun barrel with 
no or little apparent sign of damage. It should not deform much In 
its travel through the barrel, not lose its original shape, and certainly 
not blow to pieces. It should be as near circular as possible, of uni- 
form thickness individually, and when compared with other wads of 
the same kind and bag, and its cohesive qualities ought to ba such as 
to withstand the attempt to pull it in two between the thumb and 
forefinger of both hands. 
The material now principally employed for wadding is either hair 
felt, a mixture of hair and wool felt, and in some cases wool felt. 
Various other materials have been substituted from time to. time for 
felt; but up to the present the felt wad has not found its equal. Cork, 
leather and various other materials have been selected to take the 
place of felt, and recently a wad composed of fine ground cork, lin- 
seed oil and other ingredients has been placed in the market. Many 
advantages are claimed for this new composition wad, and the reader 
will find in the report whether or not the new wad really possesses 
any marked superiority over felt. 
In order to secure the best possible service from a shotgun, the 
diameter of the wad should conform as near as possible to the bore of 
the individual gun. The diameter should not Oe balow that of the 
bore, nor greatly in excess to the latter. In the last case it is liable 
to cause undue friction in the barrel, and to absorb a portion of the 
propelling force developed by the powder charge at the expense of the 
shot load. Too large wads frequently accompany the shot column a 
distance of 140ft, or much furtner than necessary and desirable. If 
too small, the wad may fail to serve as a gastight cushion between the 
powder and shot charges, especially in such cases where a 2'j^in. shell 
is used in a gun chambered for a longer cartridge case. The wad 
should fit the shell tightly, and alBO the bore of the gun. It should 
offer a slight resistance to the cleaning rod when pushed through the 
barrel, from the cone of the chamber to the muzzle. 
The diameter of the bore of guns of the same caliber are by no 
means uniform; they vary considerably. Thus, for instance, the 
diameter of 12-bore guns vary between 0.704?36in. to 0.783478in. It is, 
therefore, evident that a wad just sufficiently large to fit and suit a 
barrel with a minimum. dimension of the bore will hardly be adapted 
for a bore measuring 0.078742in. more. 
In view of these differences of the bore, wad manufacturers now 
generally cut their wads a trifle larger than the regular gauge. The 
most popular, and, perhaps, best adapted diameter for a 12-bore wad 
is 0.748045in. This dimension is still a trifle below the maximum dimen- 
sion of 12 bore guns; but since these large dimensions are rare excep- 
tions, and considering that the elastic wad, when pressed against the 
shot column by the force of the gases, naturally expands, the small 
difference between the diameter of the wad and that of the bore of 
the gun is easily overcome. Wads larger than the gauge, especially 
when consisting of a hard material, are apt to bulge the shell, and this 
may cause annoyance. The TJ. M. 0. Co.'s wads labeled 12-gauge are 
all 0.748045in. in diameter, or about as large as the Eley 11% wad and 
the several kinds of Hurlingham wads offered by Von Lengerke & 
Detmold, and designated as li% gauge wads. 
Full 11-gauge, and especially 10-gauge wads, when employed in 12- 
bore guns, frequently prove too large. In some cases they appear to 
exercise a detrimental effect iustead of a beneficial one, as compared 
with the regular 12-gauge wad. 
Guns of a faulty bore may sometimes necessitate the use of an 11- 
gauge wad; but there is hardly ever any occasion for emyloying a 
still larger wad in a 12-bore gun. A hard 10-bore wad may, under 
certain conditions, he instrumental in bulging a gun at or near the 
choke, and the same may be said of a very uard and thick cardboard 
wad if used either over the felt or as a top wad. They increase the 
recoil and the gas pressure. The moment the shot column quits the 
muzzle of the gun the usefulness of the wad is at an end. The wad 
should now soon come to a point of rest; it should fly to one side or 
drop to the ground after having followed the shot cloud from 80 to 
80ft. 
Lubricated wads, as all intelligent sportBmen know, ought not to be 
brought in direct contact with the powder charge, for the reason that 
the powder has a tendency to absorb a portion of the lubricant con 
tained in the wad, especially when shells are stored for a long period, 
A cardboard, field or trap, or any other thin, dry, preferably moisture 
proof wad, should be placed on the powder charge, unless a so-called 
express wad is used, which is covered on both sides with a moisture 
proof cloth. This express wad answers particularly well in all cases 
where economy in space must be exercised, and when the trouble of 
loading several wads is to be avoided. 
Some powders appear to be more susceptible to inferior wadding 
than others, and the same rule applies to guns. It is quite difficult, 
yes, almost impossible for the individual sportsman to determine these 
last named peculiarities for himself. They can be established in any- 
thing like a satisfactory manner only with the aid of the requisite 
ballistic instruments and by comparisons with several powders, guns, 
wadding material, shells and primers. The reader will now under- 
stand why, in this test, all kinds of powders, shells and five different 
makes of guns were employed. The trial would hardly have amounted 
to much if only one kind of powder, one particular shell, and one 
make of gun had been used. 
The American Testing Institution has been established and is main- 
tained for the principal object of serving the interests of American 
sportsmen and American industry. Id view of this fact I would have 
preferred to employ in this test chiefly American-made guns. I used, 
among others, an American-made gun at Chicago, and have been 
subjected to a great deal of unpleasant comment by the representa- 
tive of that gun because I neglected at the time to apply to the 
manufacturers directly for a gun for that occasion. It was openly 
c harged that I thus indirectly discriminated against the American 
gun. Although I never intended to favor any particular gun, and 
have not the least preference for any gun, powder, shell or wadding 
material, I made it my object to guard against any similar criticism, 
and therefore requested four American gun manufacturers to furnish 
me a gun each for the test; I even offered in one case to have the 
shooting done by their own representative, and, of course, invited 
them all to witness the trial. I am sorry to say that only one firm 
complied with my request. The New York agents of the Remington 
Arms Co. cheerfully placed one of their $20 grade 12-bore hammer 
guns at my disposal, and this was taken at random from the stock. I 
called attention to the fact that the gun would be subjected to a very 
severe test in point of strength, inasmuch as I should use very heavy 
toads in it, but the representative did not hesitate to loan the gun under 
these conditions. On the contrary, he stated that I should try the 
gun under precisely the same conditions as all others and the higher 
grade guns. This was done, and I may here say that the gun stood 
the test well. I owe the reader this explanation, for he might other- 
wise wonder why I used four foreign guns and only one American, • 
for at least a large portion of the trial. The test carried out was not 
a gun, primer or powder test proper. It was a comparative test of 
wadding materials; but such a trial will naturally likewise serve to 
draw pretty correct conclusions in regard to the qualities of the vari- 
ous guns, powders and shells. It may perhaps also be considered the 
most exhaustive gun and shell test ever carried out in this country, 
and is to some extent, although not intended as such, a repetition of 
the Chicago powder test. 
For pattern all shots were fired from muzzle re3t. The figures 
quoted in parentheses under this heading represent the number of 
pellets counted in each case in the skeleton o£ a pigeon placed in the 
center of the target at 40yds. The main values given constitute the 
number of pellets counted within the 30in. circle (not selected). All 
shot charges were counted, not measured. The powder charges were 
measured with the regular dip measures. Tatham's chilled shot No. 
7 regular was used throughout the test. Velocities and gas pressures 
were taken simultaneously, the former at 25 meters=82ft. from the 
muzzle of the gun, the pressures at the cartridge chamber. The 
velocity values should not be compared with those obtained in the 
Chicago powder test where the velocity was taken at 40yds. Five 
rounds of shot were fired, each for velocity, pressure and pattern. 
The velocity, pressure and pattern values quoted represent in each 
case the average of five shots with the greatest differences from shot 
to shot. Four pellets in the skeleton of the bird may be considered 
equivalent to a kill. All the wadding materials, guns, powders and 
shells were tested under precisely similar conditions. A sheet of mus- 
lin was spread between the muzzle of the gun and the target to 
facilitate the gathering of the fired wads, which was done for the pur- 
pose of examining them in regard to condition. 
The shooting qualities of the guns or the properties of the shells 
should not be compared in those cases where "purely experimental" 
wadding was employed. No gun, or shell, or powder can be expected 
to do good work, for instance, when only one cardboard wad is used 
between the powder and shot charges. It must further be borne in 
mind that some of the guns employed were chambered for longer 
than the 25£in. shell as principally used, and the performance of these 
guns can therefore be judged correctly only in comparing the values 
obtained in the standard and the shell for which they are chambered. 
One kind of black powder was used only, namely, DuPont's Eagle 
Ducking, but it can fairly be presumed that all other black powders 
are governed by the same conditions in regard to wadding as Du 
Font's. 
For the guidance of the reader I will here quote the average pattern 
and velocity values considered as standard. 
12-GAUGE GUN, SHOT NO. 7, OUNCES. 
Common cylinder barrel— 135 to 150—36 to 41 per cent. 
Improved cylinder barrel— 145 to 162—38 to 44 per cent. 
Light choke barrel— 155 to 195 —12 to 52 per cent. 
Medium choke barrel— 185 to 225—50 to 60 per cent. 
Full choke barrel— 215 to 240 -53 to 65 per cent. 
Extra full choke barrel— 2 i0 to 250-60 to 66 per cent. 
Standard Velocities. 
16-GAUGE GUN. 
2^1rs. E. C. pjwder, loz. shot No. 7, 835ft. 
2Hjirs. Schultze powder, loz. shot No. 7, 890ft. 
2J^drs. DuPont's smokeless powder, loz. shot No. 7, 935ft. 
2J<jdrs. American wood powder, loz. shot No. 7, 890ft.; 
25grs. Walsrode powder, loz shot No. 7, 885ft. 
2>£irs. DuPont's Eagle ducking black powder, loz. shot No. 7, 880ffc. 
12-GAUGE GUNS. 
3drs. E C. powder, V/giz. shot No. 7, 960ft. 
3drs. Schultze powder, lj^iz shot No. 7, 965ft. 
2Mdrs. DuPont's Smokeless, lj^^z, shot, No. 7, 955ft. 
3drs. American wood powder, lj^iz. shot So. 7, 960ft. 
3drs. DuPont's Eagle ducking, l^iz. shot No. 7, 950ft. 
29grs. Walsrode powder, \% r/.. shot No. 7, 955ft. 
10-GAUGE GUNS, 
3J^drs. E. C. powder, 1J4 iz. shot No. 7, 933ft. 
3Wdrs. Schulte powder, l^oz shot No. 7, 930ft. 
3</|irs. American wood powder, lj^oz shot No. 7, 925ft. 
8)4irs. DuPont's black, 1^4 iz. shot No. 7, 960ft. 
38grs. Walsrode powder, l^oz shot No. 7, 940ft. 
It will be seen that the 12-bore gua give3 the highest mean velocity 
of the three bores. The figures obtained recently at Dexter Park do 
not quite agree with the velocity values obtained in Eagland, where 
the 16-bore gun developed the highest velocity of the three gauges. I 
can, however, assure the reader that with the quotients of loads as 
here given, the values obtained by me are correct. By using less shot 
in the 16-bore gun the velocity of the latter can be increased to the 
average of the other two guns. 
Gas Pressure or Bursting Strain. 
I employ a spring device for ascertaing the bursting strain in shot- 
gun barrels. I cm on the same apparatus also determine the pres- 
sure by means of the crusher gauge. My experience, however, teaches 
me that the crusher gauge is not adapted for shotguns. The spring 
device generally Indicates higher pressures than the crusher gauge, 
but I believe that those of the former come nearer the truth than 
those of the latter. 
A substantially-built gun, providing there is no flaw in the barrel 
material, which escaped the notice of the maker, should withstand a 
gas pressure of 13,0001bs. This is the strain I subject every gun to 
which is proved by the American Testing Institution. It is the same 
strain to which finished guns are put abroad. No gun, however, will 
withstand such a strain for a long period. It may withstand a strain 
of 10,0001bs. to the square inch for a while, but for every day use 
8,0001bs. may be regarded as the limit to which a gun should be sub- 
jected. Many guns do not burst suddenly, but gradually, and hence a 
gun which did not go to pieces with a strain of 10,0001bs. for a certain 
period may finally come to grief with a lower strain, and then the 
shooter will wonder why his gun has been damaged with a service 
load. 
American Weights and Measures. 
Americans enjoy all the world over the reputation of being both 
practical and progressive. In point of our systems of weights and 
measures, however, we are not entitled to this reputation; we are not 
leading, but are away behind the rest of the civilized nations, Eagland 
excepted. Everywhere on the European continent, Russia excepted, 
and in many other states outside of Europe, the metric or decimal 
system for weights and measures has been adopted; but we still 
adhere to our confusing and antiquated so-called standards of weights 
and measures. 
We have long ago emancipated ourselves from England in the way 
of money, but still cling to its old-fashioned weights and measures. 
We forget that for many weights and measures we have no fixed 
standards. We find ourselves at sea, for instance, when we are called 
upon to say what constitutes a dram of this or that powder. The cen- 
timeter is now recognized as the unit of length, the unit of velocity. 
The gram is the unit of mass. But not enough that we have one bad 
Bystem of weights, we really use two, one as bad as the other— avoir- 
dupois and troy. For the former we have at least a fixed standard; it 
is for one pound the weight, at the temperature of 68° Fahrenheit, and 
under the atmospheric pressure of 3'Jiu. mercury, in the latitude of 
London, and at or near the level of the sea, of a certain piece of plati- 
num which is kept in the Exchequer office at Westminster. 
Now, suppose one sportsman employs the avoirdupois, one the troy 
weight for their shot charges. They will wonder at the difference of 
the number of pellets of say lj^os. The latter will load about one- 
fourth more than the former. Mistakes of this kind are frequent; 
they have also happened to me. 
Avoirdupois Weight. 
Drams. Oz. Lbs. Qrts. Cwts. Ton. Grama. 
1= .0625= .0039= .000139= .000035= .00000174= 1 771816 
16= 1= .0625= ,00223= .000558= .000028= 28.34954 
256= 16= 1= .0357= .00893= .000447= 453 59 
573440= 35840= 2240 = 80= 20 = 1 =1,016,048 
Troy Weight. 
Grains. Dwts. Oz. Lbs. Grams. 
1 = .04167 -- .00208 = .0001736 = 0648 
24 = 1 = .05 = .004167 = 1.555 
5760 = 240 =12 = 1 =373,242 
7000grs. troy lib. avoirdupois. 
1751bs. troy 1441bs. " 
The same complication applies to measures for capacity, and it is 
even worse when we come to long measures. How much simpler and 
easier is the metric system, where we are only dealing with decimals 1 
IGas Pressure or Bursting Strain. 
In my report the term gas pressure is liberally used. Gas pressure 
means the pressure or tension developed by a certain load in the gun 
barrel. This pressure is generally denoted by atmospheres. An 
atmosphere means the pressure exercised upon one square centi- 
meter. As a unit for pressure, either water at a certain temperature 
or mercury are employed. In this country we use the term pounds. 
The figures given in pounds mean the pressure upon one square inch. 
To make this point still more comprehensive to the reader I may here' 
quote a comparative table of pressures in atmospheres: 
Pounds on Pounds on 
Atmospheres, square inch. square foot. Feet of water 
1 14.7 2116 83.9 
10 147 21163 339 0 
1000 14700 2116300 33900.0 
The proof-house charge of the American Testing Institution for a 
12-bore gun develops a gas pressure of over 13,0001bs. No gun would 
stand such a^strain for any length of time. About 10,0001bs. may be 
considered of touching the safety limit, and for some guns even as 
hazardous. A load giving about 8,0001bs. pressure and less is better 
suited for the average gun and everyday use. 
I employ a spring for ascertaining the pressures in shotguns. This 
device gives more accurate values than the old crusher gauge, which, 
again, is better suited for high pressures in military rifles than the 
spring device The value* obtained with the spring are, as a rule, 
about 25 per cent higher than those secured with the crusher gauge, 
a fact to be borne in mind when comparisons are made with pressure 
values established at the American Testing Institution and those ob- 
tained by others. The figures herein quoted were taken in the cart- 
ridge chamber, where the pressure is highest. 
Velocity. 
Velocity is live force, energy, penetration; it is the rate of change 
of position ; it involves the idea of direction as well as that of magni- 
tude. Velocity is uniform when equal spaces are traversed in equal 
intervals of time. The unit of velocity is the velocity of a body which 
moves through unit distance in unit time, or the velocity of one centi- 
meter per second. Momentum is the quantity of motion in a body, 
and is measured by mass plus velocity. 
A velocity of No. 7 shot of 800ft. per second may be regarded suit- 
able for targets. For game shooting 950ft. constitutes the minimum, 
and for live pigeons a still higher velocity is considered desirable. The 
maximum velocity of No. 7 shot and a 12-bore gun is reached with 
1,100ft. per second. 
Table of converting feet per second into miles per hour: 
10 feet per second = 3.409 miles per hour. 
300 u '■ " =204.540 " " " 
1000 " " " =682 " '• " 
For those names which occur quite often in these reports, abbrevi- 
ations will be used as follows: 
v. for velocity, Wals. for Walsrode, 
gpr. for gas pressure, blk. for black, 
drms. for drams, cb. for cardboard, 
gr. for grains, ft. for feet, 
pwd. for powder, ft. sec. for feet seconds, 
smokl, for smokeless, 1. for load, 
ga. for gauge, U. M. C. for Union Metallic Oar- 
av. for average, tridge Co., 
great, diff. for greatest difference, V. L. & D. for Von Lengerke & 
DP. for DuPont,; Detmold, 
Sch. for Schultze, Winch, for Winchester, 
cork comp. w. for cork composi- Am.W. for American Wood, 
tion wad, 
Description of Guns Employed. 
1. Parker hammerless, No. 79,217, Damascus barrels, 30in. long, 
chambered for 2a4in. shell, $80 grade, both barrels choke. The Parker 
gun was only used during a part of the tests. In its stead a three- 
barreled gun was employed for the remainder of the trial, and both of 
these guns will therefore figure as gun 1. Due notice will be given at 
what juncture of the test the exchange took effect. 
1. Teechner, 3-barrel gun, center-fire, 28in. Damascus barrels, eham- 
beredfor 2%\n. shell, both barrels choke; maker, Collath, in Frankfurt 
an-der-Oder, Germany; owned by ;the writer; No. of gun 8061; price, 
$65; weight, 81b 3.; diam. of chamber, 0.791353in .; diam. of bore. 
0.704611in ; diam. of choke, 0.681084in. 
2. Bemington, $30 grade, hammer gun, steel barrels, 30J4in. long, 
chambered for 2%in. shell; weight, 8lbs. 7oz. ; loaned by Hartley & 
Graham; diam. of chamber, 0.811038in.; diam. of bore, 0 738202in ■ 
diam. of choke, 0 74611in. 
3. Francotte hammerless ejector gun. No. 22,190; weight, 71bs. 4oz ; 
Damascus barrels, 30in. long, chambered (tapering) for 3in. shell, 
loaned by Von Lengerke & Detmold, grade not given; diam. of cham- 
ber, 0.79l353in.; diam. of bore, 0 722454in. ; diam of choke, 0.693268in. 
4. Greener gun, No. 34,993, loaned by Charles F. Floyd, 30in. steel 
barrels, chambered for 3in. shell, grade not given, weight 71bs., ham- 
merless; diam. of chamber, 0.789385in. ; diam. of bore, 0.710643in : 
diam. of choke, 0 692925in. 
5. German made gun, No. 11,714; owner, Tenner; weight, 7Ibs. loz • 
31^in. Damascus barrels, chambered for 2%in. shell; diam. of cham- 
ber, 0.789385in ; diam. of bore, 0.708674in. ; diam. of choke, 0.693103in. 
It appears that my guD, No. 8,061, was both the smallest bore and 
choke of all the guns, while the Bemington gun approaches an open 
bore gun closer than any other. The bore of my gun has about the 
same diameter as the choke of the Remington. The bores of all the 
guns are below the diameter of the TJ. M. C. and V. L. & D. wads for 
12-ga. guns. The diameter of the V. L. & D. Hurlingham so-called 
HM-ga. and the 12-ga. wadding of the U. M. C. has previously been 
given as 0.748045in. All these guns would therefore not require any 
larger size wadding than the sizes quoted. The test will show whether 
the shooting qualities of the guns are improved by employing in them 
larger wads. 
[to be continued.] 
Rye Gun Club. 
Rye, N. Y., Nov. 10.— The second monthly club shoot was held at 
the club grounds on Nov. 6. The 150 birds trapped were up to the 
average, the drivers owing to a strong wind blowing directly from the 
score proved unusually hard birds to kill. The gentlemen from Con- 
necticut who attended the shoot proved their shooting abilities by 
winning the principal sweepstakes and killing nearly all of the birds 
shot at by them. Following are the scores of the shoot: 
No. 3, 3 No. 4, 7 
live birds, live birds. 
P Martin 
No. 1, 5 
No. 2, 
live birds. 
same. 
2i022— 4 
.20022—3 
02002-2 
10022—3 
00000-0 
02120—3 
22102-4 
■ « s * • 
201—2 
022-8 
212—3 
201-^2 
122-3 
210-2 
201—2 
020—1 
000—0 
2112128—7 
2201202—5 
oiaioio— 4 
102102.-4 
M Hill... 
E J Pope 
J A Budd 
R Beck. . 
E BLyon 
W C Lyon 
R Tuttle 
L E Gamm 
F Field 
Target sweeps were snot as follows 
No. 1, 10 targets: R. Ingeraol 8, P. Martin 7, M. Hill 7, E. B. Lyon 6, 
H. Downs 9. 
No. 2. 10 targets: P. Martin 7, R. Ingersol 5, M. Hill 9, H. Downs 10. 
E- J. Pope 6. 
No. 3, 10 targets: P. Martin 8, R. Ingersol 8, M. Hill 9, H. Downs 9. 
E. J. Pope 10. 
No. 4, 10 targets: R. Ingersol 10, P. Martin 8, M. Hill 18, E. B. Lyon 
8, H. Downs 7, J. A. Budd 6, F. Field 5, S. Gedney 6, E. J. Pope 7, 
No. 5, 10 targets: Ingersol 6, Martin 8, Hill 6, Downs 9. 
No. 6. 10 targets: Gedney 5, Hodgins 6, Field 4, Budd 8, Pope 9, 
Gamm 4, Tracy 4. 
No. 7, 10 targets: Gamm 3, Field 4, Hodgins 8. E. J. Pope Sec'y. 
Live Birds at Willard's Park. 
Paterbon, N. J., Nov. 14 —The following scores were made in the 
club handicap medal races shot this afternoon and in two miss and 
out sweeps that were shot at the same time and place. Scores: 
Club handicap medal shoot, 10 live birds: 
Morfey (30) 1222222222—10 Hopper (28) 1121212121—10 
George (30) 1112122122—10 Morgan (28) 1121112100— 8 
Wright (30) 2221111202— 9 Wolff (88) 3212202201— 8 
No. 1, miss and out, $1.00 entrance: No. 2, same. 
Morfey 1220—8 11112112-8 
George , 230 —2 • 
Wright 1321—4 10 —1 
Hopper 1220—3 132110 —8 
Morgan 10 —1 
Boyl© i «.•••• , i « • ■ ••••>■■•■<• 30 —1 
George* 11111180—7 
♦Re-entry Dutches. 
