128 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
Feb. 16, 1895. 
Death of E, P. Rogers. 
Editor of Forest and Stream: On the 11th hist., at the house of 
his son, Archibald Rogers. Esq., passed away Edmund Pendleton 
Rogers. By all his Mends and shooting companions Mr. Rogers 
"was known as the "Governor," and a more genial, pleasant com- 
panion never went afield. For many seasons he has been mv 
shooting companion and tried and trusted friend. Whether we 
were camping in the heart of the Rockies or shooting quail iu the 
South, he took all the trials'and disappointments with the pleas- 
ures in the same pleasant, genial 7manner, never losing his temper 
and always bright and cheerful, while his hearty, infectious laugh 
has made many a man forget hardships that had to be endured. 
For many years he fished the Restigouche in the summer and in 
the early autumn he was either off for the West for large game, 
or up North in pursuit of moose and caribou, while each winter 
we hunted South together. Mr. Rogers passed in most of last De- 
cember with me at Blacksburg, South Carolina, quail shooting, 
and although very feeble, he stuck to the birds with the persever- 
ance and persistency of a youth. A large gap has been made in 
my life, and the place he filled as a companion can never be taken 
by another. H. N. MUNN. 
CHATS OF ATLANTIC SALMON.— II. 
The nest or ridd is altogether made by the female. If 
a male is with her he lies off a short distance, rushing at 
a trout, a grilse, or a smaller salmon, than himself; from a 
much larger male he will retreat. I never have seen an 
actual combat, the smaller fish always retreating. In any 
case he is quite unable to injure owing to the hook 
growth on the lower jaw, no doubt one of its principal 
uses preventing the fish from tearing and lacerating each 
other. It is simply a gristly growth, soft as the forefin- 
ger on the human hand, nearly the same shape and size, 
without the nail. It grows directly upward, forming a 
socket as it grows in the upper jaw, and is anywhere 
from two to three and one-half inches long. This new 
appendage begins to grow just as soon as the fish enters 
the river, and keeps growing until the graviod stage is 
reached, gradually disappearing during the winter, and 
when on his way to sea, the following spring, you can 
only determine the sex by the length of the head ; the 
hook has disappeared, it would only prevent his feeding 
at sea. On his way there (when the bright, clean salmon 
are running in) he will take the fly, and sometimes take 
a trout bait, but I never have found signs of food in sal- 
mon (in the river) at any stage. Both the locality and 
material of this abnormal growth render it impossible to 
be of any assistance in forming the ridd or nest. All 
pisciculturalists are aware a fish can often be assisted in 
the ejection or expulsion of the eggs, perhaps more so in 
the salmon family than in many others, and I believe the 
hook of the male is used in this connection also, if 
needed. 
Eeturning to the female and her nest. In such a river 
as the Eestigouche, she selects a spot where the water runs 
smooth and strong, mostly on the brink or heads of 
rapids, with gravel not too fine, if it were it would not 
only destroy the eggs by its close packing, but the young 
fry coidd not 'emerge when the sac was absorbed. It is 
opened parallel with the current, and is done with the 
strong muscles of the tail, the fish turning herself party 
on her side, apparently grasping the stones and gravel, 
throwing them up to the action of the strong current, 
piling them up at the lower end of the ridd or furrow, 
and where the larger portion of both eggs and milt find a 
lodgment among the interstices of the loosened material. 
A large fish will make a nest three or four feet long, and 
one or more deep. When the nest has been completed 
she proceeds to lay, independently of the male. If he is 
there, he attends to the exuding period, emitting the 
milt at the same time side by side. On a favorite spawn- 
ing bar fifty or one hundred fish may be congregated 
with probably a scarcity of males, perhaps a half dozen 
of the large ones will go carreering round chasing the 
grilse, and smaller males continually leaving probably 
one-half the eggs unimpregnated. The eggs once laid in 
contact with the water absorb it by the orifice, open for 
the reception of the male fluid, whiph very soon closes 
against any further reception of the milt. I never ex- 
perimented with the eggs, as to how long they would re- 
tain their susceptibility to impregnation after extrusion 
from the fish. If allowed to remain in their own fluid, 
without contact in water, they might be retained for a 
short period. I have retained the male fluid for five 
days, and found it answered the purpose fairly well. 
After the first or second deposit by the female she pro- 
ceeds to turn down the sides of the ridd, enlarging it, and 
again depositing. After she has finished, which may be 
in twelve or twenty-four hours, she goes above the ridd, 
and works down on the nest a number of large stones 
often the size of a hat, so it is easy telling a finished sal- 
mon ridd, No doubt instinct teaches her that the nest if 
a freshet came would stand a chance of being destroyed. 
Still she is foolish enough in high water to nest on a bar, 
which gets dry in winter and her hatch is frozen. Sal- 
mon, as a rule, do not commonly nest in deeper water 
than three feet? Why, is yet a conundrum to me? 
I.see a Columbia River gentleman says the female fish 
there guards the nest until hatched. Well, it may be so. 
I am not in position to refute the assertion; but imagine 
it would be somewhat difficult to see this in its dark 
water; and if, as reported, the great majority die of 
emaciation after spawning (some say all), such an as- 
sertion won't hold water. Our salmon on this side could 
not stem the current on the ridds for the six months re- 
quired. They drop into the large, deep, quiet pools, 
leaving for sea fine bright fish from May 20 to June 20, 
and very few dead salmon are ever seen on the Eesti- 
gouche. Jno. Mowat. 
ANGLING NOTES. 
Transplanting May-Flies. 
Dr, A. T. Sanden, of New York City, writes: "In your 
interesting article in this week's Forest and Stream, I 
find this: 'But it is an easy matter to plant May flies, and 
they are an excellent food.' I spend most of my summer 
on a lake in Maine, which has a beautiful inlet, but I 
haw never seen a fly of any kind rise from it. If you 
can instruct me how to plant May flies in this stream — 
the bottom is rock and sand — you will greatly oblige me. 
There are plenty of brook trout in the lake, but for the 
reason that the inlet has no food to offer, they are 
generally in the lake and very hard to get to rise to a 
fly." I have another letter on this subject from a promi- 
nent angler and well-known salmon fisherman in Tre- 
mont, who says: "I have just laid down Forest and 
Stream of yesterday, and am impelled to write you. The 
subect of fish food has interested me a good deal, 
especially self reproducing food, and such as 
does not itself destroy other natural food for say, 
(and especially) trout. I have written many emi- 
nent fish culturists, and they all say minnows. New 
minnows live largely on the crustaceans, which are the 
principal food of the trout itself, and so diminish the ma- 
terial resources of the water; but, worse than that, they 
are destructive of spawn and fry; therefore it is not 
economical, if scientific, to depend on them. Some kinds, 
like the so-called white fish of Lake Bomoseen, which 
are, I believe, simply a fresh water herring, are said to 
be grass feeders exclusively; if so, they would, perhaps, 
be free from both objections; but during ten months of 
the year, or more, they are in very deep water where the 
trout do not seek or find them. 
You speak of the May fly, and the ease with which it 
may be planted. Have you had practical experience with 
it? Does it afford food during all the open (free from ice) 
months?" 
An ideal trout pond is one that contains absolutely no 
other fish life, and I know of but two that have answered 
to this description. One still answers to it, and the other 
has been practically ruined and reduced from its ideal 
condition by the thoughtless introduction of minnows. 
New York contains trout that subsist entirely on insect 
and crustacean food, and Mr. Blackford said on one 
occasion that they were the finest flavored trout that he 
had ever tasted. Bowen Pond, on the top of a mountain, 
in Vermont (situated much as Wilmarth Lake is) and 
almost inaccessible, was once without other fish life than 
brook trout. Then the fish were all red meated, rich 
flavored, and surface, feeders in the spring months. Some 
men went there in winter to fish through the ice with 
minnows, and when they were leaving, turned into the 
pond such minnows as were alive in their bait baskets, 
and they propagated and swarmed in the water. When 
I visited the pond the minnows were very much in evi- 
dence, but the bottom of the pond was fairly covered in 
places with the creeper (larvae) cases of insects — caddis. 
My friend and companion who knew and fished the 
pond in the halcyon days was of the opinion that the trout 
did not rise to the fly as freely as before the minnows had 
taught them to look down, in a measure, instead of up, 
for their food. Not more than half of the trout we caught 
had the rich, red flesh which comes with a diet of insects 
and crustacean food, the others having pink or white 
flesh. 
As to transplanting May flies. In the summer of 1891 it 
occurred to me that it might be possible to transfer the 
flies from waters where they swarmed in clouds to waters 
where they were not known, for the purpose of stocking 
them. I knew that the May fly had a short life; that it 
rose from the water, burst its skin, tried its wings, 
mated, laid its eggs, and died, all in a short time, but the 
actual length of its life I knew nothing about. 
At the lake where I was spending the summer there is 
a hotel with a frontage of 350 feet, and it is five stories 
high. One year when the rise of the May fly (and I refer 
to the green drake) was at its heighth, the wind avus 
just right to blow the flies against the hotel, and they 
fairly plastered the front of the whole house. Windows, 
doors and every opening was closed in consequence of the 
flight, and the people were forced to take refuge inside 
the building. 
When I arrived at the lake the main flight of flies for 
that season was ever, and I found the cases in windrows 
on the shore when the wind was right, but the flies were 
still rising so that I could gather hundreds of them in an 
horn* or so in the morning. I fixed a tin biscuit box with 
wooden perches for the flies and punctured it to give air, 
and then filled it with the flies. I also filled the inner 
part of a bait bucket, putting in some twigs for perches. 
At that time I had not heard of any attempt to transport 
the flies, and my sole object was to determine how long 
they would live, and thus find out how far they could 
be carried. In gathering the flies I gathered everything 
in sight. The gray drake is the metamorphosis of the 
female green drake, and the purple or blackish drake is 
the metamorphosis of the male green drake. Naturally, 
I gathered flies that had been put of their cases various 
lengths of time, from those just' flying, up to those which 
were spent. 
I have described in this column how the seemingly per- 
fect May fly rises from the water, flies to a perch, where 
it hangs body downward and sheds its entire skin from 
tip of wing to end of antennae. 
Eveiy spring a number of species of the smaller May 
flies go through the operation on the screens at my 
library windows. 
Twenty-four hours after collecting the May flies in the 
biscuit tin and bait bucket, I found that a few were dead, 
but the larger part of them were alive and as active as 
they ever were. I was then called away temporarily, 
and in my haste I forgot to leave word to have the flies 
watched. 
I know positively, however, that they will bear a jour- 
ney of twenty-four hours, and more than likely a journey 
of double that time. 
A year after I gathered the May flies, Major W. Gr. 
Turle made known in the London Fishing Gazette the re- 
sult of his experiments in this line. 
He says the May fly is very eccentric in its choice of a 
habitation, being thick on the waters of a river at one 
place and perhaps only a few hundred yards further up 
stream not a trace of them is to be seen. 
For transferring the flies to stock waters where they 
were unknown, he prepared several bandboxes and bask- 
ets which he estimated would hold 5,000 flies. Inside the 
boxes and. baskets horizontal lines of worsted threads were 
placed at intervals, to serve as perches, and the boxes 
were ventilated with holes in the sides. A hole two 
inches square was cut in the pasteboard cover to drop the 
flies through. Usually they dropped to the bottom of the 
box, and then they climbed up on the worsted threads 
until they "looked like rows of swallows on a telegraph 
wire," The flies were taken to the place where it was 
decided to establish them, and w r ere shaken out of the 
boxes where the water was fringed with alders and 
sedges. He says: "I watched then for a time till I was 
quite certain that they had taken to their new abode. 
Next evening I went down to see how they were getting 
on, and rejoiced to find them dancing about in the air. 
as is their wont, before they drop their eggs in the water; 
therefore in a couple of years (the time generally sup- 
posed requisite for the maturing of the eggs) I might rea- 
sonably hope to see a rise of fly on that part of the river. 
In due course my hopes were realized. I congratulated 
myself that my care and trouble had not been wasted, 
for the May fly was firmly established." 
Later, Major Lurle discovered that by transplanting 
the larvas of the May fly, the same result might be ob- 
tained as in the case of the transplanted flies, and that if 
the larvee is planted in the spring there will be a rise of 
flies the same year. Furthermore, that the May season 
may be lengthened by planting flies from water in which 
they rise late, in a stream or lake where they rise early, 
and vice versa, as tranpslanting does not change the 
time of their rising. 
The ordinary season of the May fly is three or four 
weeks. 
In a paper that I prepared for the American Fishermen's 
Society I referred to the subject of transplanting May 
flies and quoted from a personal letter by the late Mr. 
Thomas Andrews, I said: "Major Turle was of the opinion 
that it required two years for the eggs of the May fly to 
mature, but, as will be seen from Mr. Andrews letter it 
requires but a year." Later Mr. Andrews wrote me 
again, saying: "i r ou should make a small correction in 
your remarks on my experience with the May fly. I said 
we found larvae of the fly (which hatched out the same 
year) not the mature insect, as I am quite sure it takes 
more than one year to mature, and am not sure that it 
does not take three years for the fly to mature from the 
egg." I never have made this correction, but am glad 
of the opportunity to do so now. 
^Mr. Andrews had told me that he cultivated largely 
tire Alder fly as food for the young trout in his ponds, 
and in this letter, from which 1 have quoted, he says: 
"Larvae of the Alder fly does not live in a case. It is 
found on the mud and weeds and gravel, and is some- 
what similar to the May fly larva?, and might be mistaken 
for it at first, but on closer examination a great difference 
will be found. The eggs of the Alder fly are to be found 
on the rushes and grass hanging over the streams and 
ponds in May and June. I collect these eggs and hatch 
them out, turning the larvae into the water. They are 
almost microscopic, and just the thing for the young fish. 
Then there is the grannom fly which I cultivate by 
bringing home the eggs which are found in bunches 
attached to rushes, bits of sticks, grass and woodwork in 
the rivers. The eggs are placed in my ponds where they 
hatch out in due time. We also cultivate snails, and the 
young of these make capital food for my fish of all ages. 
i4JHow largely trout feed upon the larvae of the caddis fly 
is" illustrated" by the report made by Dr. Bari'uth, of the 
University of Bonn, who examined the stomachs of some 
brown trout and found in five trout the creeper cases of 
the caddis worm as follows: respectively, 130, 585, 116, 
115, and 186. If insect food is introduced as trout food, 
crustacean food should be added also, and fresh water 
shrimp and daphnids serve the purpose admirably, and 
about them I shall have something to say at another time. 
Both are very prolific; I might say wonderfully so in the 
case of the daphnids. Two species of daphnids that I 
have in spirits on my desk are so small that it requires 
sharp eyes to see them, and under a strong glass it will be 
perceived that they are burdened with eggs. 
THE VALUE OF FISH AND GAME. 
ADDRESS OP E. C. FARRINGTON. SECRETARY OF THE MAINE 
ti ..SPORTSMEN'S PISH AND GAME ASSOCIATION. 
. * a « '^WHEBE DOES ALL THE MONEY OO TO ? 
•^Sometimes it is urged that but few get the benefit of this 
money brought into the State. This is a mistaken idea, as any 
thinking man who, for a moment, will give it consideration, 
Will see, 
, _A considerable amount, says one, goes to the railroad cor- 
porations. True, the smaller amount does. But what becomes 
of the money they receive!'' It goes to pay help, to give better 
train service* to swell their transportation earnings, increasing 
then - taxes, improving their securities, nearly hve millions of 
dollars of which are held by the savings banks of Maine, and 
nearly two hundred thousand dollars of its earnings finds its 
way into the treasury of the State. The Maine Central Rail- 
road alone pays more than $80,000 taxes into the State treasury. 
Not only this, but those lines of railroad, like the Sandy River, 
Phillips & Rangeley, Franklin & Megantic, Bangor & Aroos- 
took Railroads, as well as others, receive transportation earn- 
ings from sportsmen alone which aid in making it possible to 
sustain roads reaching the interior of our State. Hotels get 
a part of this money, only to pay it out in wages to Maine help, 
and largely for products of Maine farmers. Guides and all 
classes get a portion, and all these people pay it in turn to mer- 
chants, etc., lor the necessities of life. Sections remote from 
centres of business find a market better than Boston or JN'ew 
York for farm products. The lumber manufacturer sells 
lumber for hotels, cottages, camps, etc., aud our mechanics 
build them. The neb profits that any or all taese corporations 
or persons receive is very small, and the greater amount of 
money finds its way into every avenue of business, flight here 
in Kennebec county in the town of Belgrade, I am informed on 
good authority that five thousand different persons spend part 
of the season, coming here for the pleasure of fishing. The 
rainfall is not distributed for the good of all more evenly than 
these millions of dollars which come to Maine of our fish and 
game interests. 
~I desire to read a letter from our honored Senator. Hon. Wm. 
P. Frye. 
u "United States Senate, Washington, D. C„ Jan. 8, 1895. 
^Hon. E. C. Farrington, Augusta, Me. My Dear Sje It would of 
course afford me great pleasure to address the Maine State Fish 
and Game Association .at then* next meeting, hut it is impossible 
for me to leave here at present. You are not at all mistaken in 
supposing that I feel a profound interest in the preservation of 
our game and fish. For forty years I have been visiting the Lake 
Region and may be considered as one of the pioneers. 1 took an 
interest in the srarting of the first club, the (Jquossue, and 1 have 
no hesitation in saying that that association has brought into the 
State of Maine thousands of sportsmen and left there rmllions oi 
dollars. I proposed this last October to spend at least half the 
