4 
THE VALLEY IsrATTJL^AI-.LST. 
19 
ing atmosphere of the coal period. Next is 
a new world— the realm of strange mispro- 
portioned sea-monsters—" creatures whose 
very type is lost, fantastic and uncouth." On 
a slab seven feet long are the tracks of the 
gigantic labyrinthodon — half-crocodile, half- 
frog; and close by, its head armed with teeth, 
there are also the relics of an ichthyosaurus 
— a reptilian whale, mounted on paddles — 
whose entire length, judging from the head 
(over five feet long) vertebras, and paddles, 
must have been at least thirty feet. In this 
case, too, are many species of ammonites, 
with an allied group of pautilus, with their 
whorled shells, many of them being sawed 
open and polished, showing the curious sep- 
ta and siphuncle. 
Passing on in the hall the visitor comes to 
the Cretaceous series — the burial-place of 
other races, who, in their turn, were lords 
over our lower world, Here in the wealden 
are the remains of the massive iguanoclon 
and fragments of those gigantic carnivorous 
reptiles the megalosaurtis and ichthyosaurus 
and that strangest form of all, the pterodac- 
tyle, with the head of a lizard, the wings of 
a bat, the body of a mammal, five toes and a 
tail. Here, too, is the famous mososaurus, 
or lizard of the Moselle. The long proces- 
sion of strata closes with those of the Terti- 
ary period, represented by remains of the 
harmless anoplotherium and palaeotherium 
from the Paris basin, the zenglodon from 
Alabama, turtles from the Isle of Sheppy, 
fishes from Monte Bolca. "Pharoah's beans" 
(nummulites) from the Pyramids, and other 
smaller foramenifera — the animalcules who 
created the building-stone of Paris, Cadiz 
and Havana. 
In the central area are standing on broad 
pedestals, a few colosal forms — the great Sib- 
erian mammoth, the elephas ganesafrom the 
strata of the Himmalayas, the glyptodon from 
Buenos Ay res, the colossochelys or great 
fossil turtoise of India, and the megatherium 
or giant fossil sloth from Brazil. 
At the further end of the hall a portion of 
it is so cut off by cases as to make a distinct 
room, which is devoted to lithology, and in 
which are rock of all ages and mineral com- 
position, arranged in systematic sequence. 
The gallery of the lower hall is devoted to 
mineralogy. The specimens are arranged 
here in cases along the walls, and in table- 
cases bordering the gallery, and comprise 
spendid ores from the mines of Hungary, 
Saxony and Cornwall; gold from California, 
Colorado and Australia; malachite and 
azurite from Siberia and France; ores of 
mercury from Austria and South America; 
silver from Nevada, Norway and Peru ; zeol- 
ites from Scotland, India, Bohemia and Nova 
Scotia; meerschaum from Turkey; obsidian 
from Iceland and Mexico; quartz from all 
localities, from Montana to Madagascar, etc., 
etc. The precious stones are handsomely re- 
presented by agates, jaspers, berylis onyx, 
opals and semi-opals, topaz, etc., and by 
perfect imitations in Bohemian glass of all 
the noted diamonds in the world. In the 
cabinet of zoology there are cases containing 
many thousand stuffed specimens and 
mounted skeletons of mammals, birds, rep- 
tiles, amphibians and fishes. Also protozoa, 
sponges, gorgonias, corals, star fishes, sea- 
eggs, mollufcks, crustaceans and other inver- 
tebrate animals. In the middle of the hall 
stand the large forms, as elephant, giraffe, 
camel, zebra, elk, moose, bison, walrus and 
others. 
Professor Henry A. Ward, who was chos- 
en for this work, has long stood at the head 
of his profession as a collector of objects of 
natural history and as a maker of museums. 
He has made similar large collections, cost- 
ing many thousand dollars each, for Lafay- 
ette College, Princeton College, Vassar Fe- 
male College, Alleghany College, Cornell 
University, Syracuse University, Rochester 
University, Vanderbilt University, Indiana 
State University, and in all, for more than 
two score of universities and colleges 
throughout the United States. His time is 
wholly given to this occupation, which he 
carries on through an extensive corps of as- 
sistants at home, and by collectors whom he 
sends for his material to all parts of the 
world. His natural science establishment at 
Rochester, N. Y., is drawn from extensively 
by all the museums of science in the land. 
Those who are capable of judging, declare 
that it outranks in the range and extent of 
its transactions anything of its kind in the 
entire world. He is still a young man and 
seems destined to continue for many future 
years, his special work of presenting nature 
and natural specimens to students and teach- 
ers m an educational and truly scientific 
manner. — [Frank Leslies Newspaper. 
A Naturalist in Florida— Cruise of 
the " Rose Bud." 
BY W. W. CALKINS, CHICAGO, ILL. 
[Paper No. 3.] 
Still at Markesas living on the finest fish 
ever seen. Mullet (Mugil lineatus) became 
too common; such species as the red Snap- 
per, Black Grouper, Catfish, Cavalli, Barb, 
etc., accorded better with our ideas of the 
proper thing to have, therefore one of the 
boys who was an excellent harpooner, fre- 
quently added to the stock in the larder. 
Our amusements were continued with un- 
abated vigor. The time from sun rise to sun 
down was fully occupied; at the close of 
each day's labor we assembled at our rude 
table on deck to partake of the delicacies 
provided by Bill the cook, and which were 
appropriate to the time and place. The ad- 
ventures of the day were then discussed, 
specimens of fish, crustaceans, shells, etc., 
were examined and packed away. We had 
had a number of scientific books on board 
and I kept an accurate diary of events. 
Some of our captures gave us trouble; for 
instance — we had collected a barrel of the 
horse-foot crab (Limulus Polyphemus). We 
tried to kill them for the sake of science, but 
copious doses of alcohol and hot water only 
seemed to agree with them. Too much 
time was required to effect our purpose, so 
we gave up and left them in tbe bar- 
rel; they soon crawled out and slipped off 
into the water. As there were thousands to 
be had in the shallow lagoon, we could easi- 
ly replace those lost. The resemblance 
between the young of this species and the 
ancient Trilobite found fossil in the Silurian 
rocks is remarkable, and has been carefully 
studied by Rev. S. D. Lockwood who has 
probably found out more about the Limulus 
than any other author. At the time of our 
visit we were so fortunate as to witness the 
manner of reproduction. The Limulus in- 
habits moderately deep water but comes 
ashore with the tides at this season (later in 
N. Eng.) to deposit the eggs, which is done 
within reach of the ebb and flow. The male 
which is much smaller than his mate, always 
accompanies her, riding upon her back. She 
makes with her claws and shield a slight de- 
pression in the sand and deposits the eggs to 
the number of thousands; the male then 
impregnates the mass. The pair having 
completed the operation, retreat with the 
tide. This species burrows in the mud and 
is carnivorous. The action of wind and 
wave soon covers the eggs thus left to their 
fate. Millions are of course destroyed or 
eaten, but if one thousandth part survive 
the species will never become extinct. 
We were accustomed to go on shore every 
day, and wander around among the man- 
groves; hanging to the limbs were seen 
thousands of tbe univalve mollusk (Littorina 
angulifera), a very pretty shell an inch or 
more long.' They delight in the vicinity of 
the sea, and are semi-marine— not living ex- 
clusively in the water. 
[Continued.] 
Constructive Agents. 
BY W. H. HUGHES, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. 
Of all the agents which at the present time 
are furnishing material for the formation of 
rocks, perhaps the most remarkable and in- 
teresting is the small and fragile animal 
known as the coral animalcule. A large 
number of the islands in the Atlantic, Paci- 
ific and Indian oceans are composed entirely 
of the stony remains of these minute ani- 
mals, straits and channels have been ren- 
dered exceedingly dangerous, and even im- 
passable by these accumulations. All of our 
lakes, streams and springs contains more or 
less lime, and this is being constantly carried 
to the ocean by the waters, when the minute 
particles are gathered up by the small ani- 
mals for the construction of their stony cov- 
erings. The cells of the coral, therefore, are 
not built up by the polyps, as many suppose, 
but are the remains of a multitudinous 
number of coral animalcules. The appear- 
ance of the living corals is described as most 
beautiful, it is said that Ehrenberg was so 
struck with the sight in the R^d Sea, that he 
exclaimed with enthusiasm: " where is the 
paradise of flowers that can rival in beauty 
these living wanders of the ocean?" 
Nearly all of our lime stones are formed 
from the relics of animals, crinoids, mol- 
lusks, polyps, etc., hase aided greatly in this 
work. 
At Richmond Indiana, the limestone is al- 
most entirely made up of shells in different 
states of preservation; the most common 
being Bhynchonella capax, Orthis biforata, 
Gyclonema bilix, Petraia corniculum and 
Orthis dentata ; in one slab about two feet 
in length and from ten to twelve inches in 
width, over one hundred specimens were 
exposed to view. 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
WANT. SALE AND EICHANCE COLUMN. 
This column is established for the benefit of 
those who may wish to buy, sell or exchange 
insects, plants, bird-skins, books, reports, 
etc. The price for insertions under this 
head is ten cents per line, from seven to nine 
words to the line, for each insertion. 
Tortricidse Wanted. 
I am desirous of obtaining as many North 
American Tortricidce as possible for the 
purpose of studying this family. I shall be glad 
to name and return to any who will forward 
their Tortricidce to me for this purpose, all 
save such as may prove new and desirable 
to retain for description. I should be pleased 
to correspond with any who intend to col- 
lect Lepidoptera in any part of North Amer- 
ica where but little collecting has hitherto 
been done. Address, 
Prof. C. H. Fernald, 
Orono, Maine. 
Birds' Eggs and Skins for Exchange* 
I have a large number of Warblers' skins 
and other skins and eggs to exchange for 
skins of Owls, Woodpeckers and eggs of Sea- 
birds in sets. Address, Chas W. Gunn, Edi- 
tor Naturalist & Fancier, Grand Rapids & 
Mich. 
Read the Supplement and sent in your 
Subscription. 
TO EXCHANGE. 
FOSSILS FROM CHICAGO QUARRIES 
for those from other localities. 
W. C. FGAN,, 
216 South Morgan Street, 
5-10 CHICAGO, ILL* 
