86 
ON THE OEIGINAL INHABITANTS 
The Gauda-Dravidian numerical roots o(r) one, and jnu, 
thjee, are found in Tamil as onru {oru and onnu) and niunru, 
in Malayalam as onnu and niuimu, in Telugu as ondii and 
much, in Kanarese as ondu and milru, in Tulu as onji and 
muj'i, in Madi as nndi (wandi) and mundu, in Gondi as nndi 
and munu (mund), in Kurgi as ondu and mundu. In a 
similar manner the root ko {hi), mountain, has developed in 
Tamil into kunru, kunram, and kdndam, in Malayalam into 
kunnu, kunnam, and kuru, in Telugu into konda, gundu and 
gutta, in Kanarese into gudda, in other dialects into kundn, &c. 
The tribal names Koracaru and Koravaru, mountaineers, 
permit the assumption of a root l:ora.' The fact that lingual 
and dental letters are promiscuously used in these formations, 
is rather peculiar. Lingual and dental affixes must have been 
indiscriminately employed in Dravidian languages for the 
construction of words ; thus ondu signifies one (and onti, single) 
dale. The term hu is preferred by the Khonds, for Colonel John Campbell 
states on p. 13 in his Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of 
Ehondistan : "The hill districts of Orissa . . are peopled generally by 
Khonds, or Kui, as they call themselves." — The name of the Xoi/and, one 
of the seven rivers which flow from the Mahabalesvara mountain, is ' ' derived 
either from Kuvena,or from Koh, a primitive term signifying a mountain." 
See Bombay Asiatic Journal, vol. IX, p. 2.53. With respect to the Xew- 
Fersian and Parsi koh, mountain, I should mention that katfa, mountain, 
occurs in the cuneiform inscriptions of the Persian king Darius at the 
Behistun. In Huzvaresh mountain is kilplt. Yet it is not impossible that 
in spite of this fact, the word ko [ku) may also in this wise he originally 
Non- Aryan. 
Only where Tamil letters actually occur, they are transcribed according 
to the principle contained in note 1 on p. 31 of Part I. 
2 Rev. Dr. Gundert in his Malayalam and English Dictionary presupposes a 
root 0. Bishop Caldwell while advocating in his Comparative Grammar of 
the Dravidian languages on pp. 217-223, the assumption of a basis or, writes 
on p. 220 : " Dr. Gundert considers ondrii an euphonised form of on, with 
the addition of du, the neuter fomialive, and that on and or are equivalents, 
being both verbal nouns from o, to be one. It is quite true that such a verb 
as 0 exists, that n or an. alternating with am, is used as a formative by many 
nouns, and that sometimes changes into or alternates with )■ or And 
on p. 222 : " There is a verbal root in Tamil o, which has been supposed to 
mean, to bo one. On and or [pndru and oru) are supposed by Dr. Gundert to 
bo verbal nouns from this o. An undoubted derivative of o in Tamil and 
Malayalam is okka, which in Malayalam and the Tamil of the extreme south 
means ' altogether,' ' all ' (compare iiordvin uok, all) ; and this is supposed 
