OF BHARATAVARSA OR INDIA. 
87 
in Kanarese corresponding to the Telugu ondit, and in Telugu 
Kodu and Gondii mean a Khond, while their equivalents in 
Sanskrit are Konda and Gonda, to which corresponds the 
Telugu Kondarudu} 
The addition of these lingual and dental aifixes with or 
without a nasal, is a peculiarity of the Gauda-Dravidian 
languages.* The change of k into the other gutturals kh, g, 
and gh, or perhaps more properly the interchange between 
them, need hardly he mentioned, being of such frequent 
occurrence ; nor is it necessaxy to draw attention to the 
resemblance in the pronunciation of the vowels a, u and o, 
and to their being promiscuously used the one for the other, 
e.g., in Kudaku and Kodaku, the name of the province Kurg, 
in Kuravanji or Koravanji, a common expression for a female 
gipsy.* 
The names of most of the Graudian races are formed 
from the above-given variations of ko, a circun^stanee which 
explains the very considerable differences occasionally 
by Dr. Gutidert to be identical with, the Telugu oka, one. Every step in this 
process, with one exception, is encumbered with difficulties." The question 
is still very doubtful, and can be hardly ever settled. Bishop Caldwell himself 
admits on p. 220 that: "or, in its primitive, unnasalised shape, is not now 
found in the cultivated Dravidian dialects as the first abstract neuter noun 
of number for one or unity." The Rev. F. Kittel seems to agree with the 
Bishop as he writes in his " Notes concerning the Numerals of the Ancient 
Dravidians " in the Indian Antiquary, vol. II, p. 24 : "1, ondu, onru (pro- 
nounce : ondu), onji, or, or, om, on, ondu, ottu, to be undivided, to be one. 
A unit without a branch." * * " When the affix du is joined to a short 
monosyllabic root with final r, the root in this case being or, this liquid is 
sometimes changed into the Bindu. Observe du has become ji (in Tulu)." 
3 Eodii, steep, kodu, peak, and similar words belong to this group. 
Ku and go denote in Sanskrit earth, hence kuklla, mountain (a peg or pin 
of the earth). Whether any connection exists between the Sanskrit kuta, 
-mountain, fort ; kuttdra and kuttira, mountain ; kilta, mountainpeak ; kota, 
fort ; and koti, end, &c., and some Gauda-Dravidian words of similar sound 
and same meaning, is now very difficult to decide. Except kilta, which 
occurs already in the Egvsda, none of these Sanskrit terms are found in 
very ancient works. 
* It is thus conspicuous in the formation of some irregular plurals in 
Telugu. 
* See p. 112 of last number. . 
