OF BHARATAVARSA OR INDIA. 
159 
otter hand, are now shepherds^ and lead a simple pastoral and 
nomadic life. They do not devote themselves to the culti- 
vation of the soil, an occupation which the Badagas, who 
immigrated at a later period, especially follow. Yet the 
assumption that the Todas have always led a pastoral life, if 
substantiated, seems to speak against the connection of the 
Todas with such structures. However, it is quite possible 
that the sickles found in the cairns may have been used for 
other than agricultural piu'poses."^ 
Lieutenant-Colonel William B. Marshall, London, 1873, pp. 2-8 and 136, 
and A Manual of the Nilagiri District, by H. B. Grigg, Madras, 1880, pp. 
183-202. Compare about the Paiki Mr. Lewis Rice's Mysore Inscriptions, 
Introduction, pp. xxxiii, xxxiv, and Metz, p. 35. 
See Eev. F. Metz, ibidem, p. 13 : " Some f«w of the Todas maintain that 
the cairns are the work of their ancestors, but these are men who have been 
examined by Europeans. The majority, and especially the most respectable 
of them, do not hold this opinion, and it would be a strange anomaly indeed 
in a people so proverbial for their respect for the dead, to allow, as the Todas 
do, these places of interment to be rudely disturbed and desecrated by the 
hands of strangers, did they believe them to be the receptacles of the ashes 
of their forefathers. Many of the circles constructed of loose stones which 
have been taken to be deserted temples of this tribe, were doubtless nothing 
more than bufialo-pens." And on p. 124 : " During the 13 years that I have 
labored amongst and mixed with the 'hill-tribes, I have never found the 
Todas in any way interested in the cairns, whilst the fact of their making no 
objection to their being opened, taken in connection with the circumstance 
of the contents frequently consisting of plough-shares, sickles and other 
implements of husbandry, showing that the cairns were constructed by an 
agricultural race, which the Todas never were, are to me convincing proofs 
that they are not the work of the Todas of a past generation." The Eev. 
Mr. Metz states that such kist-vains are called Mdria7-u mane, house 
of the Morias, and recognises in the latter the Mauryas or Usbeck Tatars. 
Is it perhaps possible^ to connect the term Moriaru with the Mar tribe ? 
Peculiarly enough Mer is the Toda expression for the Kundahs, as in the 
Toda name MerkoMl for Kotagiri, i.e., the Kota village (Kokal) of the 
Kondahs, see Breeks, p. 36. Compare Captain Congi-eve's article : The 
Antiquities of the Neilgh,erri) Kills, including an Inquiry into the Descent of 
the Thautavars or Todars, in the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 1847, 
vol. XIV, No. 32, pp. 77-146. Lieutenant- Colonel Congreve contends that 
the Todas were the constructors of the old caims and he gives on pp. 84, 85 
his reasons for it : "1st. The shape of the lairns : a Circle of stones similar 
-to that of the cemeteries of the Thautawars at this day. 2nd. The basins 
and other utensils, knives, arrow-heads, shreds of cloth, mingled with charcoal 
and bones found in the cairns are precisely the same articles buried at the 
funeral of a modern Thautawar. 3rd. In both cases these things are deposited 
