OF BHARATAVARSA OR INDIA. 
199 
Sukrasudras ; the Kurumbas claiming to be Tndramdras and 
calling the Grangadikaras Sukrasudras, and rice versd. The 
former expression indicates the issue of married, and the 
latter that of unmarried women. 
They carry an enormous white umbrella and a flag with 
the figure of a bull, and of this umbrella they proudly say 
that it covers the world. It is therefore known as Jagajam- 
pina saltige. 
seat. Their Guru has the power of restoring any out-cast to the enjoyment of 
full communion. They have a hook peculiar to the caste called Jiraga Cha- 
pagodu. It is written in the language of Karndia, and gives an account of 
the tribe. The Curubaru buy their wives, a girl of a good family costs from 
30 to 40 fanams ; a girl of the bastard or Cutiga breed costs 15 fanams, or 
10.9." On pp. 379-81 he describes the Kadu and Betta Kurumbas : " The CacC 
Curubaru are a rude tribe of Earndta, who are exceedingly poor and wretched. 
In the fields near villages they build miserable low huts, have a few rags only 
for covering, and the hair of both sexes stands out matted like a mop, and 
swarms with vermin. Their persons and features are weak and unseemly, 
and their complexion is very dark. Some of them hire themselves as laboui'- 
ing servants to the farmers, and, like those of other castes, receive monthly 
wages. Others, in crop season, watch the fields at night, to keep o£E the 
elephants and wild hogs . . Their manner of driving away the elephant is by 
running against him with a bm-ning torch made of bamboos. . . The Curubaru 
have no means of killing so large an animal . . The wild hogs are driven out 
of the fields by slings . . These poor people fi-equently suffer from tigers, 
against which their wi-etched huts are a poor defence ; and, when this wild 
beast is urged by hunger, he is regardless of their burning torches. The Curu- 
baru have dogs, with which they catch deer, antelopes and hares; and they have 
the art of taking in snares peacocks, and other esculent birds. They have no 
hereditary chiefs, but assemble occasionally to settle the business of their caste. 
They confine their marriages to their own tribe. The Gauda, or chief man of 
the village, presides at this ceremony, which consists of a feast. During this 
the bridegroom espouses his mistress, by tying a string of beads around her 
neck. The men are allowed to take several wives, and both girls after the age 
of puberty, and widows are permitted to marry. In case of adultery, the 
husband flogs his wife severelj', and if he be able, beats her paramour. If he 
be not able, he applies to the Gauda, who does it for him. The adulteress has 
then her choice of following either of the men as her husband. They can eat 
everything except beef ; and have no objection to the animal having died 
a natural death. . . They do not drink spiritous liquors. None of them take 
the vow of JDdseri nor attempt to read. Some of them bum, and others bury 
the dead. They believe that good men, after death, will become benevolent 
Devas, and bad men destructive Devas. . . The spirits of the dead are believed 
to appear in dreams to their old people, and to direct them to make offerings of 
fruits to a female deit}-, named Bettada Chicama ; that is, the little mother of 
the hill. Unless these offerings are m;"ide, this goddess occasions sickness; 
