92 
ON THE OEIGINAL INHABITANTS 
the hostile camp, while others were outsiders, Mu.haramadan 
artisans, for instance, who were allowed to earn their Kving 
in the Hindu community by following their profession. 
The fifth caste formed of outcastes is in consequence of 
this dissension divided into two great hostile camps, on the 
right side are ranged the Pariahs, and on the left side the 
Cakkilis or leather-workers. It appears that there prevails 
in some parts of the South the peculiar phrase : " the Pariahs 
(dancing girls) ■with Manmatha flag; 31, Cdndr and liar (toddy- drawers) 
with kurinci flag, knife and ladder ; 32, Kuravar (mountaineers, foresters, 
snake -catchers, basketmakers, salt-sellers), with donkey flag ; 33, CukJcdr cetti 
lampatileal (salt-sellers) with picturesque flag ; 34, VettakMror (hunters) with 
sling flag; 35, Pattanavar (?) with tortoise flag ; 36, Karaiyar (sea-coastmen) 
■with flsh flag ; 37, Ottar (road-makers and tank-diggers from Orissa) -with 
spade flag; 38, TTpparavar (common tank-diggers) ■with pig flag; 39, Poyi 
(hearers) -with palanquin flag ; 40, PanicejTorkal ( ? ) (menial servants ? ) -n-ith 
Tarai (trumpet) flag ; 41, Tamil Vamtdr and Vatuka Varindr (Tamil and 
Telugu washermen) with curved knife, lotus garland and white elephant ; 
42, Tamil Ndvitar (Tamil barbers) with tumpai garland, animal -with human 
iace ; 43, Vatuka Ndvitar (Telugu barbers) with nakasaram (musical instru- 
ment) ; 44, Tompuravar (rope-dancers) with Ketai flag ; 45, Mdriyamman 
Piiedrikal (Mariyamman priests) with small drum flag ; 46, Pi<cdrikal -with 
LoUow brass ring flag ; 47, Irular (wild foresters) with iron bar flag ; 48, 
Arippwkkdr Kavarai (kavarai -weavers) with lotus flag ; 49, Vatuka P<nid-d- 
ram (northern mendicants) -with battle-axe flag ; 50, Vancurdr ( ? ) with 
pearl flag ; 51, Katukutuppaikdral {sooi\^%?L\rn.g beggars) -with sAkti flag: 
52, Endti (forestmen) wdth hare flag ; 53, Kaldciddrar (lasc-ars) -with cart 
flag ; 54, Velikkarumdr excommunicated blacksmiths) -with bellows and 
hammer flag ; 55, VcUkal taccar (excommunicated carpenters) with chisel 
flag ; 56, Kappal taccar (ship carpenters) -n-ith adze flag ; 57, Kappal ratukar 
(Telugu sailors) with ship flag ; 58, Pantar (bards) -with sword flag. 
The people and ensigns of the fifth class are— 1, Paviiniyar or Pahmikal 
(processionists) with damara (drum) flag ; 2, Valliirar^ Mdrattii/dr andVtttiydr 
(mahaut), Paraiyar and Fantaparaiyar with white umbrella, ■white cho-wrj-, 
white flag, conch, vaji'a stick, trumpet (tamukku), drum (tappattai), paiika 
(trumpet), tuttari (short trumpet), big tuttari, paraiya music, five pots and 
white makara (alligator) festoons. 
The left hand musters 1, Ptri Ccttikal (Btri merchants) with kite flag; 
2, Nakara Vdniyar (town oil-mongers) ■with tontii garland and garland of 
nine gems ; 3, Kaikkdlar (weavers) with tiruvaraipattiram, adakkam, lance, 
male vulture, lion flag, bear flag, deer flag, peacock flag, cuckoo flag, drum; 
4, Kammdlar (artisans). [This class is composed of the Trtr/ffr (goldsmiths), 
Kanndr (braziers), Cirpar (masons), EoUar (blacksmiths) and Taccar (car- 
