538 
APPENDIX. 
tion as it seems of the wadi Kiya, winch, running from 
north to south, next to the above-mentioned range of moun- 
tains, is stated by most of my informants not to have any 
connection with that basin, and may possibly join some 
branch of the Nile. In the northern part, where the 
country is bordered by desert tracts, there are several 
smaller watercourses or, as they are here called, " zaraf," 
which die away in the sands. 
As for the country between (Lake) Fittri and (Lake) Tsad, 
I have already shown it in another place to be an elevated 
district intercepting entirely the communication between the 
two lakes, or rather lagoons. The watercourses and valleys 
form the natural high roads, along which the dwelling-places 
of men are established. 
With respect to the outlying provinces of the empire, which 
are situated towards the south, their character is evidently 
much more varied and rich in perrennial watercourses than 
the nucleus of the kingdom, but inquiries with regard to 
these watercourses have not as yet advanced far enough to 
enable us to take a general view of them. 
