No. 56.— 1905.] PADDY CULTIVATION CEREMONIES. 417 
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1 The arak is a talisman protecting the threshing-floor from 
charms or any misfortunes ; its theoretical ingredients are detailecJ in 
verses 9 to 16. In practice most of these are omitted ; the arecanuts, the 
sickle, the arak-'bella^ and the ears of paddy at least are used, and often 
some other of the more easily obtained objects, such as the haduru leaves, 
young jak fruit, the metals and gems, and also a gon-gdre if there is one to 
be had, which is often not the case. 
2 Gonhanuwa^ the bull post, is an areca tree planted firmly in the 
centre of the floor, and to which the bulls are fastened while they are 
driven round it in a circle. 
« Galaotuwa (the correct form would be C5)i6^(§o9e) gelotima^ from 
Sinhalese GOi(g, a pair or team of oxen, and connected with Tamil 
f^CdiQjD^^ to drive). This is the jungle rope by which the bulls are 
fastened to the bull post ; at one end is a loop passing round the post ; 
the other end is fastened to the rope by which the bulls are yoked to- 
gether. The number of bulls used varies from four to twelve, the latter 
being the full complement ; they are yoked in two sets of six each, and 
