Vol. 7, 1921 
ANTHROPOLOGY: E. H. MORRIS 
21 
generally of large size. Typically, they are compact massive structures, 
two, three, and four or more stories in height, rising terrace fashion from 
an enclosed court. Stone was the customary building material. Many 
of the blocks were faced with admirable precision, and some of them were 
even polished. Kivas occurring as components of these structures are 
of large size, highly elaborate, and of unsurpassed construction. They are 
situated both within the enclosed courts and incorporated within the 
main building masses, the former subterranean, the latter above ground, 
and in some cases raised. 
Specialization in architecture is much in evidence, several distinct 
local types, each distributed over a continuous minor area, being recogniz- 
able. The two prevailing localized forms are the cliff-houses, Mesa Verde 
as the type, and the great houses of the Aztec-Chaco region, the large ruin 
at Aztec, New Mexico, now nearing complete excavation by the writer, 
as the type specimen. 
Cloth, basketry, and sandals are in every known respect identical with 
those of the preceding period. Smooth and corrugated ware continued 
through late black-on-white time; smooth ware reached the zenith of its 
perfection, while corrugated ware began to degenerate. Local specializa- 
tion in pottery was a direct accompaniment of specialization in architec- 
ture. There are at least three major local types of pottery, namely, the 
Kayente, the Mesa Verde, and the Chaco, each with diagnostic forms and 
styles of ornamentation. 
The following is a tentative interpretation of the data given above. 
In the Basket Maker period there is evidence of a dolichocephalic people, 
skilled makers of textiles, but ignorant of the utilitarian possibilities of 
clay and of the use of the bow and arrow. They were essentially nomadic, 
without permanent dwellings, but undergoing transition to sedentary 
life under the compelling influence of the cultivation of corn, of which they 
had a single primitive type. 
In the pre-Pueblo period there may be postulated the blending of a 
brachy cephalic element with the previous dolichocephalic stock. In 
this period a crude architecture was developed, the bow and arrow were 
introduced, and the manufacture of pottery begun. 
In the early black-on-white period the brachycephalic stock seems en- 
tirely to have supplanted the dolichocephalic. Diagnostic Pueblo archi- 
tecture expressed in fairly compact structures consisting of rectangular 
living rooms and circular ceremonial chambers, had taken definite form. 
Agriculture had been amplified by the addition of at least two types of 
corn and pottery making had been developed into a fine art. 
In the culminating, or late black-on-white period, there are no evident 
changes in physical characteristics. Some potent integrating force, 
perhaps the pressure of predatory nomadic intruders, had brought to- 
gether the hitherto widely scattered population into a few large and power- 
