20 
ANTHROPOLOGY: E. H. MORRIS Proc. N. A. S. 
Pre-Pueblo dwellings were flimsy, irregularly arranged, one-storied struc- 
tures, with walls usually composed of poles set upright and plastered 
with mud. Occasionally, however, the basal portions of walls were faced 
with stone slabs set on edge, or more rarely, a wall was raised of crude 
masonry. Within the area of or adjacent to the buildings were circular 
subterranean or semi-subterranean chambers whose walls were formed 
by the sides of the excavated pits. These chambers were the prototype 
of the later kiva. 
Perisliable materials have not been recovered from this period. Pottery 
was made and commonly used, but both forms and ware were crude. 
Smooth ware predominated over corrugated, which is doubtfully present. 
On the average less than thirty per cent of the smooth ware bears painted 
decoration. 
Pre-Pueblo remains have been found in every ruin-strewn locality where 
a search for them has been made. The sites occur singly and in groups, 
usually in open, unprotected places. As type sites may be mentioned 
those upon the mesas between the La Plata and Mancos rivers described 
elsewhere (Thirty-third Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 
Washington, 1919). 
3. Early Black-on-white Period. — Crania from the early black-on-white 
period are all of apparent brachycephalic type with artificial occipital 
flattening. Dwellings of this period are more numerous and more widely 
distributed than those of earlier or later types. Both large and small 
structures occur, the latter being more common. Stone was the building 
material generally used, but the individual blocks were never faced. In 
some cases the buildings may have been more than one story in height. 
The usual forms are rectangular, L or E-shaped. Circular subterranean 
chambers possessing all diagnostic kiva characters form a component 
part of every dwelling. 
The textiles of this period are in every sense of Pueblo type. There is 
no remaining trace of the specialized Basket Maker bags, burial baskets, 
and square-toed sandals. At least three types of corn were cultivated. 
Ceramics was highly developed, both smooth and corrugated ware being 
very abundant. Certain forms of smooth ware, such as pitcher-shaped 
drinking vessels, and half -gourd ladles, and the absence of exterior decora- 
tion on bowls, are characteristic. Corrugated ware reached its highest 
development, as expressed by wide range of forms and extreme variety of 
decoration produced by the manipulation of the coils. 
No early black-on-white site has been thoroughly excavated; hence, a 
type site remains to be described. 
4. Late Black-on-white Period. — Crania from the late black-on-white 
period are, in superficial appearance, like those from the preceding period ; 
that is, short from back to front with artificial occipital flattening. 
Ruins belonging to this period are relatively few in number, but are 
