ZOOLOGY: KOFOID AND SWEZY 
15 
is evidently retained in the paradesmose and from it the new motor organelles 
of each daughter cell are formed. 
In these structures and more particularly in the processes by means of 
which they are passed from one generation to the next, we have a clue to 
relationships that seems to be more fundamental and significant in its impor- 
tance than are external features, which are constantly subject to modifications 
through environmental changes. The amount of specialization has in no 
way changed the basic facts of these relations and processes. Thus in the 
highly complex Trichonympha there are precise homologues with the simpler 
features in Trichomonas with its simple centroblepharoplast granule and few 
flagella. 
The superficial resemblance between the trichonymph parasites of the 
termites and the ciliates is the result of the high degree of specialization and 
evolutionary development to which the former have attained, and is not 
indicative of a derivative relationship of even the most remote kind between 
the two. The Trichonymphidae are fundamentally and characteristically 
flagellate in their type of structure as well as in their methods of division. 
We may therefore dismiss completely the early conception of Leidy, Kent 
and their followers that the Trichonymphs are ciliates and revise our 
wide-spread conception that flagella are universally or even character- 
istically few in number. These protoplasmic processes are flagella primarily 
because of their relation to the nucleus and the mitotic figure. Flagella are 
attached directly or indirectly to the centrosome and share in mitotic proc- 
esses. Cilia are not thus attached and have no correlated part in mitosis. 
Numbers contribute no necessary part of this definition of flagella, they 
apparently do of cilia. 
We may also dismiss the later conception of Hartmann^ that the Tricho- 
nymphs are an intermediate group between flagellates and ciliates. In the 
first place a transition type between these primary groups can not be expected 
as parasites of a highly organized group of social insects. The appearance of 
transition is illusory, depending on superficial structures and numbers merely, 
while the deeply significant mitotic process and its structures are unequivo- 
cally flagellate in nature. We therefore reject Hartmann's^ transitional con- 
ception and with it his Trichonymphida and retain Grassi's Hypermastigina 
as the fitting as well as the legitimate designation for this most highly special- 
ized group of the flagellates. 
1 Leidy, J., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, (Ser. 2), 7, 1877, (146-149). 
2 Kofoid, C. A., and Christiansen, E. B., Univ. Calif. Puhl. ZooL, Berkeley, 16, 1915, (30- 
54), pis. 5-8, 1 fig. in text. 
3 Swezy, O., Ibid., 16, 1915, (71-88), pis. 9-11. 
4 Kofoid, C. A., and Swezy, O., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston, 51, 1915, (289-374), 
pis. 1-8, 7 figs, in text. 
