102 
GEOLOGY: J. M. CLARKE 
From this table it is evident that all series follow the same general his- 
tory, and that, at corresponding periods of the life cycle, all have about the 
same vigor, although the actual dates may range through all twelve months 
of the year. 
The experiments thus show not only that waning vitahty leading to old age 
and natural death is manifested by Uroleptus mobihs, but also, that con- 
jugation between two individuals at any stage of waning vitahty, leads to a 
complete restoration of vitality. 
FALKLANDIA 
By J. M. Clarke 
State Museum, Albany, New York 
Communicated, January 29, 1919 
Falklandia is a name herewith applied to a continental land which, dur- 
ing the Devonian period in the occidental parts of the Southern Hemisphere, ( 
preceded Gondwana-Land and Antarctis. The history of Gondwana-Land 
is well established (Neumayr, Suess) ; its supposed earliest outlines have been 
approximately determined by the study of its land flora (D. White). The 
conception of Gondwana-Land is that of a great east- west southern conti- 
nent which escaped the turmoil of world-wide postcarboniferous deformations 
and which continued its existence as a continental asylum for land and stream 
life till late in the Mesozoic time (Cretaceous) when incursions of the sea be- 
gan which led to its breakdown and demolition in the Tertiary. Eastern Brazil 
into Sao Paulo, southern Argentine and the north half of the Falkland Islands 
constitute its western fragments; South Africa, the lost Lemuria (from Mada- 
gascar to Ceylon), India and Australia indicate its western extent. Those 
who have been responsible for the determination of this continent and es- 
pecially Suess, who has discussed it in much detail, have not recorded its 
existence prior to the Carboniferous. Antarctis likewise, another Southern 
* asylum,' defined on the basis of its terrestrial life and never accurately de- 
limited by its proponents as to the date of its origin, gives proof of like begin- 
ning of stabilization and perhaps also of length of endurance. The fossil 
woods discovered in the Beacon sandstone of South Victoria-Land by James 
Eights ninety years ago, and the fossils brought home in recent years by 
Andersson, Nordenskiold, Amundsen, Shackelton and the men of Scott, tend 
to indicate that it was coexistent in time with Gondwana-Land. 
Asylums, thought Suess, were to be defined by continuity in the succession 
of terrestrial life; it must be added, however, that security of such deter- 
minations can be given by the character of the life of the sea which washed the 
shores of such asylums. Gondwana-Land and Antarctis had a parallel exist- 
ence in time, though a distinct one. Osborn's observations indicate the 
