6o 
toner's address. 
through an association with the whites, the possession 
of fire-arms and edge-tools, and the re-introduction of 
the horse, many tribes of Indians are now able to ac- 
compHsh feats in war and in hunting which, before 
Europeans came among them, were impossible; but 
the majority of the fishing and a few of the hunter 
tribes are still in the stone age. The tribes associated 
with the whites, and those referred to in the Indian 
Territory, have acquired some knowledge of the arts, 
and to a slight extent work in metals. The Pueblos, 
as already stated, were village Indians in possession of 
some of the arts when America was discovered. 
In studying the past condition of the Indians we 
should keep in view the state of the domestic arts and 
comforts common in Europe at the time of the dis- 
covery of America. The best Indian houses, cabins, or 
wigwams, at the time European settlements com- 
menced in America, were, and still are, without floors, 
chimneys, or windows. We naturally think these 
very crude dwellings, as they undoubtedly are ; never- 
theless, it is also true that chimneys and windows were 
then nowhere in common use, and are of comparatively 
late introduction into the dwellings of the middle and 
working classes in Europe."^ 
^ Our ancestors four centuries ago had different views of domestic 
and personal comfort from those that prevail at the present time. The 
chimney for carrying off the smoke of a house is of modern in- 
vention. It was not introduced into England before the twelfth, and 
iiito Italy in the thirteenth century. Even in the seventeenth century 
throughout England the houses of the well-to-do yeomen were without 
chimneys. This was true of houses generally throughout Europe. 
The introduction of glass into windows of dwelling-houses is a still 
more modern invention and luxury. 
