Vol. 6, 1920 
ANTHROPOLOGY: F. BOAS 
491 
country and organized on the cottage system, being placed in houses in 
groups of 30 to a house. The fifth group were children who were brought 
up in large institutions located in the city each institution containing 
more than 1000 children. A comparison of the children in the private 
school with all the other groups brought out very great differences. I 
have not been able to obtain adequate material covering the whole period 
of growth, but at the ages from 11-13 years the differences in both males 
and females are very considerable indeed. Judging from the observa- 
tions made by Jacobs in lyondon, it is safe to assume that these differences 
would be found to continue up to the adult stage. 
In groups of children under public care continuous records were avail- 
able and a comparison of the measurements of the various series of children 
measured on the date of commitment to public care showed that these 
series and that of children in normal Bast Side homes are strictly com- 
parable. The statures and weights of individuals committed to a large 
institution, to an institution run on the cottage system and those placed 
in families under the care of charity organizations equaled the develop- 
ment of normal children from the East Side. When, however, the de- 
velopment of children in each group was examined, it was found that the 
institutionalized children lagged behind regularly. There is no doubt 
that the general conditions of nutrition in the large institutions, are as 
good as may be expected, but the whole institutional atmosphere has the 
effect of retarding development. Examination of adults who have passed 
through the asylums showed a similar effect. The average stature of 
adult men and women belonging to this group is about 2 cm. less than that 
of normal individuals of the East Side. The results obtained in an institution 
run on the cottage system are more favorable. While the average statures 
and weights are not quite up to normal, the differences are very slight. 
Children who are boarded in families, are in every respect comparable to 
the normal Jewish child in East Side families. There is only one ex- 
ception to this rule. Children who are excluded from one of the in- 
stitutions referred to and who are boarded in families are considerably 
less favorably developed than institutional children. This, however, is 
obviously due to the method of selection, because only children with pro- 
nounced pathological conditions are boarded out by the institution in 
question. 
I was interested in the question whether the differences in develop- 
ment are due to physiological retardation and, partly for this reason, 
partly on account of our lack of knowledge of conditions of dentition, I 
collected extensive data on the eruption of teeth among the children here 
referred to. The observations were made by Dr. Milo Hellman to whose 
interest in the investigation I am greatly indebted. I have calculated 
before from data at hand what seems the most probable time of eruption 
for different teeth. In 1915, I collected similar material in Porto Rico 
