228 
BIOLOGY: A. P. DACHNOWSKI 
Proc. N. a. 
study of peat utilization in Europe in order to determine the best prac- 
tices necessary to a successful solution of the peatland problem in this 
country on related peat deposits. 
3. The common time relationship is confirmed by a series of correlations. 
It is based on the similarity between the groups of morainal systems as the 
great, basic divisions of time, and on the loess deposits resting upon the 
TABLE III 
Correlation of Glacial, Climatic, and Life Stages since the Last Ice-age in 
Europe 
GLACIAL 
SUB-STAGES 
BALTIC 
LAKE STAGES 
CLIMATIC 
CHANGES 
ESTIMATED 
TIME 
ANIMAL 
REMAINS 
HUMAN* 
REMAINS 
VEGETAION 
SUCCESSION 
8. Present 
7. Recent 
(Post-gla- 
cial) 
6. Daun 
Baltic 
o. m. 
Litorina sea 
0-22 m. 
Rising, dry, 
cool, moist 
Warm, dry 
Warm, moist 
a.d. 
1800 "b.'C- 
300 A.D. 
3000-1800 
B.C. 
4000-3000 
B.C. 
7000-5000 
B.C. 
Iron age 
Shell heaps 
Neolithic 
Forest 
Younger 
sphagnum 
bogs 
Forest 
Heath 
(beech, fir) 
Older 
sphagnum 
Fini-glacial 
5. Gschnitz 
Continental 
10000-8000 
B.C. 
culture 
Lake dwel- 
lers 
Azilian 
Paleolithic 
bogs 
Forest (oak) 
Goti-gla- 
cial 
4. Buhl 
Ancylus 
Lake 
66-175 m. 
Severe 
Continental 
18000-16000 
B.C. 
Steppe 
horse 
culture 
Magdalen 
Marsh 
Forest 
(birch, pine) 
Marsh 
Steppe 
Dani-gla- 
cial 
3. 
Yoldia sea 
300 m. 
Loess formed 
Temp, amelior- 
ation, Warm, 
arid 
Reindeer 
Mammoth 
Reindeer 
culture 
Solutrean 
Dryas 
Steppe 
Low shrubs 
(Aspen wil- 
low) 
Sub-arctic 
2. 
culture 
Aurignacean 
Tundra 
1 . Wurm 
drift border 
Arctic 
30000 B.C. 
culture 
*Data taken in large part from Osborn' (9) Mousterian 
culture 
moraines of the Wiirm-Buhl interstadium and the early Wisconsin drift, 
on the glacial lake stages of the Great Lakes and the Baltic, on the series 
of climatic changes, and on the remarkable association of the layers of 
peat material in the deposits which are referable to the same glacial sub- 
stage; they mark the lesser divisions- of time in the different geographic 
regions. These events were not local phenomena but well-marked stages 
