Vol. 8, 1922 PALEONTOLOGY: OSBORN AND REEDS 
247 
to visit this locality and to make a careful survey and review of the animal 
life which surrounded Foxhall man. This review, fully set forth in the 
second paper above named, shows that Foxhall man — capable of making 
ten or twelve different kinds of flint implements, of providing himself with 
clothing, and of building a fire — sets an unmistakable Upper Pliocene 
date for the antiquity of man, in which he was surrounded by relatively 
primitive mastodons, rhinoceroses, saber-tooth tigers, and two species of 
elephants, a fauna closely similar to the Upper Pliocene fauna of the valley 
of the Arno River, near Florence, Italy. 
More recent than the Foxhall industry is that of Cromer on the coast of 
Norfolk, discovered during the summer of 1921. Cromer is also treated 
as of Upper Pliocene age by British archaeologists, but it is unmistakably 
Lower Pleistocene; it belongs to First Interglacial time. To establish this 
second point. Dr. Osborn enlisted the cooperation of Dr. Chester A. Reeds, 
beginning in the month of September, 1921, and undertook an exhaustive 
examination of the old and new standards of Pleistocene division in Europe, 
namely, of Geikie, Penck, Bruckner, and Leverett, ending with the recent 
work of Deperet and of De Geer. While these authorities do not agree 
as to causes or as to the duration of the Ice Age, a most important result 
of concurrent observation in England, France, Germany, Switzerland, and 
North America is that there were certainly within the Ice Age four, and 
possibly five, distinct periods of glaciation, with at least four interglacial 
periods, all embraced within the Quaternary. British geologists and at 
least one French geologist, Marcellin Boule, include the First Glaciation 
within Tertiary time, but all the other authorities named above regard 
the First Glaciation as the opening of Quaternary time. The latter view 
is the one adopted by Osborn and Reeds and is clearly set forth in a 
synthetic diagram which summarizes our present knowledge of the geologic 
succession, of the industrial phases, and of the geologic appearance of 
human types. This Table will be submitted to the coming International 
Congress of Geology at Brussels. 
As a result of the researches summarized by the authors, we are now 
able to fix with considerable certainty the geologic level of the entire 
succession of human industries, namely, the Foxhallian, Cromerian, 
Chellean, Acheulean, Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutrean, Magdalenian, 
and Campignian. We are also able to fix with considerable exactitude the 
geologic age of the successive races of men, i.e., Trinil, Piltdown, 
Heidelberg, Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon, which appear between 
Foxhallian and Magdalenian industrial times. 
* This paper, presented in abstract by Dr. Reeds before the Geological Society of 
America, is now in press in the Proceedings of the Society. 
** This paper by Dr. Osborn will appear in full in the Geological Magazine, London. 
