ROUTE TO TO ; TO. 
569 
Hausa people, who have a distinct language (pro- 
bably related to the Basa and Nupe languages), and 
are pagans ; while the eastern quarter is the dwelling- 
place of the Moslemin, viz. people from Katsena, 
Kano, and Bornu, who have a chief for themselves, 
called el Imam, a name corrupted by the Hausa 
people into that of Limang. This Limang is re- 
garded in general by the travellers as the prince ; 
but, according to more accurate information, the 
town and province of Toto seems to be under the 
direct government of the sultan of Tanda (not Fanda), 
whose name is Shemmage, and who receives a great 
quantity of European goods, chiefly muskets, which 
form his strength, from the inhabitants of Tagara or 
Kotu-n-karfi, as the district is generally called by 
the Hausa people, near the junction of the Benuwe 
with the Kwara. This prince, by his energy and 
watchfulness, had kept the conquering Fulbe in 
awe ; and he prohibited, with the utmost diligence, 
suspicious people from being admitted into his town. 
He may therefore, even after the fall of Fanda or 
Panda, which was in a wretched condition, and was 
taken by treachery in the beginning of 1853, have 
preserved his independence; but I am not quite 
sure about it. Be this as it may, surrounded on all 
sides by enemies, he will scarcely be able to hold out 
long. Toto, as far as I was able to make out (al- 
though there does not appear to have ever been much 
intercourse between the two towns), is distant^from 
Fanda from thirty to thirty-five miles E.N.E. It 
is, besides, three days from Kotu-n-karfi, a place 
the position of which is well established, and four 
days from Sansan Ederisu, a place likewise well 
known from the Niger expeditions, so that we can 
place Toto with tolerable exactness, 
here subjoin the itinerary from Toto to Sansan Ederisu : — 
