612 
APPENDIX. 
and with a large shallow stream,, which forms the 
beginning of the mayo Kebbi, and which, according 
to this informant (Mallem Jymma, a very intelligent 
Shuwa chief, of whom I shall speak in the follow- 
ing volume), receives the waters of the ngaljam of 
Demmo. 
2nd. Kera, a village inhabited by pagans, who perforate 
their lips ; a long day's journey. 
3rd. Laka, a large pagan place, in some degree dependent 
on the lord of Bubanjidda, who extends his ghaz- 
zias, or rather c< konno," as far as this place. The 
country is level, with the exception of a small rocky 
eminence. A rivulet which skirts Laka has, accord- 
ing to Mallem Jymma, its inclination towards the 
river Serbeuwel, a statement which wants confir- 
mation. The inhabitants, according to this informant, 
tattoo the breast. 
Having traced, along the thread of these itineraries, the 
conquests of the Fulbe towards the east and north-east over 
the regions inclosed between the Benuwe and the Shari — a 
country which is sometimes pre-eminently called Jemmara, or 
rather Jemmaa, because the revolutionary and reformatory 
principle of the Fulbe has here developed itself with eminent 
success, — I now return in the opposite direction, in order to 
follow the progress of these enterprising and restless people in 
their advance towards the Bight of Benin. The first effect of 
their advance is assuredly most calamitous, their road being 
marked by the ashes of burnt villages and the blood of thou- 
sands of unfortunate creatures ; but, on the other hand, they 
have laid open these regions to inquiries which may be fol- 
lowed up by more efficacious proceedings; and it may be 
reasonably questioned whether these countries would ever 
have been opened to extensive commerce if they had re- 
mained in the hands of a motley multitude of petty pagan 
chiefs. 
