Jrtonthly Microscopical"! 
Journal. Sept. 1, 1869. J 
( 161 ) 
VII. — On the Bhizojoodal Fauna of the Deep Sea. 
By William B. Carpenter, M.D., V.P.K.S. 
In a paper laid before the Eoyal Society at its last Sessional 
Meeting Dr. Carpenter commences by referring to the knowledge 
of the Ehizopodal Fauna of the Deep Sea which has been gradually 
acquired by the examination of specimens of the bottom, brought 
up by the sounding-apparatus ; and states that whilst this method 
of investigation has made known the vast extent and diffusion of 
Foraminiferal life at great depths, especially in the case of Glohige- 
rina-mud, which has been proved to cover a large part of the 
bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean, it has not added any new 
types to those discoverable in comparatively shallow waters. With 
the exception of a few forms, which, like Glohigerina, find their 
most congenial home, and attain their greatest development, at 
great depths, the general rule has seemed to be that Foraminifera 
are progressively dwarfed in proportion to increase of depth, as 
they are changed from a warmer to a colder climate ; those which 
are brought up from great depths in the equatorial region bearing 
a much stronger resemblance to those of the colder, temperate, or 
even of the Arctic seas, than to the littoral forms of their own 
region. 
The author then refers to the recent researches of Professor 
Huxley upon the indefinite protoplasmic expansion which he names 
Bathybius, and which seems to extend itself over the ocean-bottom 
under great varieties of depth and temperature, as among the most 
important of the results obtained by the sounding-apparatus. 
By the recent extension of dredging operations, however, to 
depths previously considered beyond their reach, very important 
additions have been made to the Foraminiferal Fauna of the Deep 
Sea. Several new generic types have been discovered, and new and 
remarkable varieties of types previously known have presented 
themselves. It is not a little curious that all the neiv types 
belong to the family Lituolida, — consisting of Foraminifera which 
do not form a calcareous shell, but construct a " test " by the agglu- 
tination of sand-grains, — which was first constituted as a distinct 
group in the author's ' Introduction to the Study of Foraminifera ' 
(1862). The first set of specimens described seems referable to 
the genus Proteonina of Professor Williamson ; but the test, in- 
stead of being composed (as in his specimens) of sand-grains, is 
constructed of sponge-spicules, cemented together with great regu- 
larity, so as to form tubes which are either fusiform or cylindrical, 
being in the former case usually more or less curved, and in the 
latter generally straight. Of the genus Trochammina (Parker and 
Jones), many examples were found of considerable size, resembling 
