216 PKOGRESS OF MICROSCOPIOAL SCIENCE. [*j?Si.^'ctT?86S*^ 
granules in the form of a coiled cylinder of uniform diameter 
throughout, slightly rounded at the two ends, and invested with a 
thin membrane. It is while in this stage that the embryo leaves the 
egg, and vast numbers of them were seen without coverings, but still 
closely coiled. As they descend towards the lower part of the oviduct 
they begin to straighten themselves, and at the same time undergo a 
slight change of form. As the body uncoils one end enlarges, and the 
whole tapers regularly towards the hinder part, and forms an ex- 
tremely elongated cone. When perfectly straight they measure about 
0*15 millimetre in length. Dr. Wyman was unable to detect any 
internal organs, if such existed, at any stage of development observed ; 
but, on the contrary, saw nothing but granules, filling the integuments 
as in the first formation of the embryo. 
The Development of Brachiopoda. — This subject, to which so little 
attention has been paid, has been lately taken up by an American 
naturalist, Mr. E. S. Morse, who has shown by embryological observa- 
tions the close relation which exists between Brachiopods and Polyzoa. 
The eggs were kidney-shaped, and resembled the statoblasts of Frede- 
ricella. No intermediate stages were seen between the eggs and the 
pear-shaped form. This stage recalled in general proportions Megerlia 
or Argiope in being transversely oval, in having the hinge-margin wide 
and straight, and in the large foramen. Between this stage and the 
next the shell elongates until we have a form remarkably like Lingula, 
having, like Lingula, a peduncle longer than the shell, by which it 
holds fast to the rock. It suggests also in its movements the nervously 
acting Pedicellina. In this and the several succeeding stages, the 
mouth points directly backward (forward of author's), or away from 
the peduncular end, and is surrounded by a few ciliated cirri, which 
forcibly recall certain Polyzoa. The stomach and intestine form a 
simple chamber, alternating in their contractions, and forcing the 
particles of food from one portion to the other. At this time also 
the brownish appearance of the walls of the stomach resembles the 
hepatic folds of the Polyzoa. In a more advanced stage, a fold is 
seen on each side of the stomach ; from this fold the complicated 
liver of the adult is developed, first, by a few diverticular appendages. 
When the animal is about one-eighth of an inch in length, the lopho- 
phore begins to assume the horseshoe-shaped form of Pectinatella and 
other high Polyzoa. The mouth at this stage begins to turn towards 
the dorsal valve (ventral of author's), and as^ the central lobes of the 
lophophore begin to develop, the lateral arms are deflected. In these 
stages an epistome is very marked, and it was noticed that the end of 
the intestine was held to the mantle by attachment, as in the adult, 
reminding one of the funiculus in the Phyladolcemata. No traces of 
an anus were discovered, though many specimens were carefully 
examined under high powers for this purpose, the intestine of the 
adult being repeatedly ruptured under the compressor without show- 
ing any evidence of an anal aperture. — American Naturalist, Sept. 
