ZOOLOGY: W. M. WHEELER 
115 
6. The gynaecoid worker. — Ocymyrmex, Leptomyrmex, Diacamma, 
Rhytidoponera, etc. 
In this connection it is interesting to note that a series of forms be- 
tween the winged female and worker closely paralleling those described 
in the preceding paragraphs, may be developed in ants as the result 
of parasitism and therefore under pathological conditions. Mrazek/^ 
Donisthorpe^^ and I^^ have shown that small-winged or subapterous 
females ('mermithogynes') are produced in Lasius niger by the presence 
FIG. 3 
Monomorium rubriceps Mayr. var. cinctum var. nov. a, Mesonotal, incompletely dealated, 
subapterous female, lateral view; b, thorax of same, dorsal view; c, thorax of stenonotal 
apterous female, dorsal view; d, thorax of ergatogyne (micronotal female), dorsal view; e, 
thorax of worker, dorsal view. 
of Nematode worms (Mermis sp.) in the abdominal cavity, and Was- 
mann^^ and others have demonstrated that 'pseudogynes,' i.e., forms 
closely resembling ergotogynes and ergatoids, are produced by the 
parasitism of Lomechusine beetles (Lomechusa, Atemeles, Xenodusa) 
on the ant colony as a whole. Gynaecoid workers, finally, may be de- 
veloped by what really amounts to a pathological disturbance in the 
trophic status of the colony when it loses its queen. 
Attention may also be called to a parallel tendency to aptery and 
micronoty in the males of certain ant-genera. Thus the male of Sym- 
