CHEMISTRY: W. A. NOYES 
359 
of atoms which is indicated by many of the properties of organic com- 
pounds. Thus if we suppose that there are four (or eight) positive 
nuclei in a carbon atom around which valence electrons may rotate, an 
atom of hydrogen may be held to the neighborhood of one of these nu- 
clei as indicated in the figure. 
1 wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to JuHus Stieglitz, R. D. 
Carmichael, J. B. Shaw, Jacob Kunz, A. P. Carman, A. A. Noyes and 
R. C. Tolman, who have read the first draft of this paper and of whom 
several have made helpful suggestions. 
^ Davy, London, Phil. Trans. R. Soc, 1807, p. 1. 
2 Helmholtz, London, J. Chem. Soc, 24, 1881, (291). 
3 Thomson, J. J., Phil. Mag., London, (Ser. 5), 44, 1897, (291). 
4 Van't Hoff, Ibid., 23, 1901, (797). 
5 Noyes, W. A., /. Amer. Chem. Soc, Easton, Pa., 23, 1901, (463). 
6 Stieglitz, Ihid., 23, 1901, (797). 
7 Thomson, J. J., Phil. Mag., London, (Ser. 6), 7, 1904, (237). 
8 Abegg, Zs. Anorg. Chem., Hamburg, 39, 1904, (330). 
9 Loc cit., Note 8, p. 347. 
10 Rutherford, E., Phil. Mag., London, (Ser. 6), 21, 1911, (669). 
11 Bohr, N., Ibid., 26, 1913, (1, 476, 857). On p. 862 Bohr discusses the hypothesis that 
atoms may be held in combination by electrons rotating about the line joining the positive 
nuclei of two atoms. This is similar to Ramsay's view mentioned below. 
12 Nicholson, Phil. Mag., London, (Ser. 6), 27, 1914, (54). 
13 Moseley, Ibid., 26, 1913, (1024). 
14 Ramsay, Sir W., London, J. Chem. Soc, 93, 1908, (774). 
16 Ramsay, Sir W., London, Proc R. Soc, (A), 92, 1916, (451.) 
1^ Parson, A magneton theory of the structure of the atom, Washington, Smithsonian Inst., 
Misc Collect., 65, 1915, No. 11. 
17 Falk and Nelson, New York, Sch. Mines Q., Columbia Univ., 30, 1909, (179)., /. Amer. 
Soc, Easton, Pa., 32, 1910, (1637). 
