498 
ANTHROPOLOGY: J. W. FEWKES 
structurally unlike and functionally different. Some of these rooms are 
circular, others rectangular; the former probably ceremonial, the 
latter secular, probably domiciles. Both kinds of rooms were closely 
crowded together in a compact mass, and were two or more stories high, 
the upper rooms having lateral entrances from the roofs of lower ter- 
races; the ground floor chambers generally entered through the roofs. 
In its simplest form the Mesa Verde type has but one circular room, 
centrally placed, with rectangular chambers arranged about it. The 
inhabitants carried on most of their daily occupations on the terraces; 
the men used the circular rooms for assemblies and ceremonies. 
In Far View House there are four of these circular rooms, one of which, 
the largest, is centrally placed; the rectangular rooms number about 
fifty. On the south side there is a rectangular court enclosed on three 
sides by a low wall. A few yards from the southeast angle there is a 
low mound, the site of the village burial place. 
Geographically the Mesa Verde type is widely distributed; its center 
of distribution was the valley of the San Juan and its tributaries, can- 
yons or mesas of Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Examples 
of it are not only numerically most abundant in this region but also are 
the best constructed. The influence of the type extends far from its cen- 
ter of origin, becoming modified as the distance increases. It appears 
in the great communal houses of the Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and 
in the cliff dwelHngs of Canyon de Tsegi, or Chelly Canyon, in Arizona. 
The type occurs both isolated and in clustered forms, as at Mummy 
Lake on the Mesa Verde, and on the La Plata; or united in great con- 
sohdated communal buildings, as in the Chaco Canyon and elsewhere. 
The position of the kiva in relation to other rooms is the most im- 
portant feature that separates the Mesa Verde from the modern pueblo 
type. The main characteristic of the latter type is diffuseness in the 
arrangement of rooms as compared with the compactness of the northern 
or more ancient form. The rectangular rooms of the modern type are 
arranged in rows separated by passageways, concentrated into pyramids 
or more generally in rectangles enclosing courts. This relation of the 
circular room has sufficient importance to indicate distinct types; a 
difference which is still further emphasized if we compare the structure 
of the roofs and its supports, or the ventilation and other openings in 
the floors of the Mesa Verde and the modern t3^es. 
The modern pueblo type is marked by isolated circular kivas and 
house masses, as seen in modern pueblos still inhabited and in the 
historic ruins in that region. We find also, as at Sia and Jemez, and else- 
where, rectangular rooms united with others serving the same purpose. 
