ANTHROPOLOGY: J. W. FEWKES 
499 
Two explanations have been advanced to account for this condition : 
(1) The original external kivas were destroyed by the Spaniards, and 
secrecy sought by hiding the room used for rites among the rectangular 
rooms. (2) A habit of performing rites in rectangular chambers in the 
midst of other rooms has been introduced by foreign additions. The 
former explanation throws light on the absence of kivas in several Rio 
Grande pueblos. 
From what is said above it appears that the chief structural feature 
used in separating the two types of pueblos, known as the Mesa Verde 
and the modern, is the relative position of the circular kiva. The 
construction of the walls and roofs of circular rooms of the two types 
is characteristic. To this last feature a few lines should be devoted. 
The two kinds of circular kivas are distinguished as follows: (1) Those 
with a vaulted roof indicated by the remains of pilasters on which roof 
beams were supported and still to be found, even if the roof itself is 
wanting; and (2) circular kivas the roofs of which were flat, the rafters 
extending across the top parallel with each other, resting not on pilasters, 
but on the edge of the wall. 
The kivas of Far View House, as in the majority of the kivas of cHff 
houses in the Mesa Verde, had vaulted roofs; but a few kivas, like those 
of Cliff Palace, had fiat roofs. Accompanying the vaulted roofed cir- 
cular kivas of Far View House was an elaborate interior construction 
for supplying fresh air, called the ventilator and deflector. In the 
flat-roofed kiva these constructions take another form, a description 
of which would take me too far afield at this time. 
Far View House is only one of several types of open-sky buildings on 
the plateau. There is another more distinctly related in form to cHff 
dwelHngs. I refer, of course, to the mysterious structure called Sun 
Temple, brought to light from a pile of stones by the Smithsonian In- 
stitution in the summer of 1915. 
In Sun Temple there is a circular kiva surrounded by rooms in the 
annex, at the west end, but the rooms of the main building surround 
a central court in which are two isolated circular kivas; there is also a 
fourth kiva a few feet outside the wall near the southeast corner. In 
other words, this structure shows in one building a combination of the 
compact type and the type with separated kivas. In structural details 
the kivas of Sun Temple resemble the second or flat roofed circular rooms 
of cliff houses and towers, the distribution of which, in the San Juan 
culture area, is wider geographically than the vaulted roofed form of 
Far View House. Sun Temple is a type of its own and must be looked 
upon as a highly speciaKzed building. The nearest approach to it. 
