500 
ANTHROPOLOGY: J. W. FEWKES 
in form, are the 'towers' widely scattered throughout the San Juan 
culture area, a type imperfectly investigated. Provisionally I will 
designate this type as the Sun Temple type. Should it, as suspected, 
turn out on renewed study to be morphologically identical with towers, 
the term 'tower type' would suffice for both. Awaiting this needed 
field work, we may summarize by pointing out provisionally that there 
are three types of prehistoric buildings that have been clearly recognized 
on the Mesa Verde : (1) The Mesa Verde type ; (2) the Sun Temple type; 
and (3) the tower type. The cliff dwellings and Far View House belong 
to the first of these. 
In order to bring out in clear relief the differences between these 
prehistoric types and the archaic historic, or modern type, the following 
statements may aid the student. 
A few references may first be made to rectangular chambers commonly 
called kivas, used by some of the modern pueblos for ceremonial func- 
tions. These rooms are not morphologically the same as circular kivas, 
but rather secular rooms adapted for religious functions. Among the 
Hopi these rectangular rooms are free from the houses; among some 
other pueblos embedded in them. The theory that ceremonial rooms of 
rectangular form are derived from the circular forms is not accepted by 
the author, but it is recognized that certain clans who once used free 
circular kivas now use rectangular ones. Clans that used a rectangular 
kiva at one time were not always too conservative to adopt a circular 
one, as we see from the evidence given below. 
The Hopi rectangular 'kivas' ^ are isolated from house masses in the 
same way as the circular kivas of the modern type. One of the Hopi 
pueblos, called Hano, is inhabited by Tewa clans that came from the 
Rio Grande about 1770. The forms of the kivas of Tewan ruins in 
their old houses in the east are unknown, but, like Hano, had isolated 
kivas. Another foreign pueblo, on the Hopi East Mesa, called Sitcom- 
ovi, settled by clans from Zuni, also has two rectangular kivas, situated 
in its court, separated from the rows of houses. There are no isolated 
kivas in modern Zuni. 
Unfortunately kivas have not been definitely identified in Hopi 
ruins, except at Kiikiitcomo and in a ruin in the Oraibi 'Wash' which,, 
unlike the modern, are circular. Some of the clans use secular square 
rooms surrounded by Hving rooms, others have rectangular kivas 
separated from these rooms; a choice of position ascribed to the con- 
figuration of their mesas. In a court of the Hopi ruin, called Payiipki, 
whose builders were Tanoans who fled from the Rio Grande region in the 
decade 1680-1690, Victor Mindeleff records two isolated kivas, the 
