ANTHROPOLOGY: J. W. FEWKES 
501 
ground plan of each of which was a rectangular form. The Payiipki 
people returned to the Rio Grande about 1750 and were settled in Sandia 
and Isleta, both of which now have circular kivas. 
The settlements along the Little Colorado, abandoned about the 
middle of the eighteenth century, had no circular kivas, as far as known, 
and the same is true of the ancient Zuni settlements. The present 
pueblo Zuni is of comparatively modern construction and its buildings 
show a comparatively late modern type. The form of the ancient kivas 
of the Zuni region and their situation relative to house masses has not 
been observed, or at least has not been recorded by archaeologists. 
The ceremonial chambers of modern Zuni are rectangular, surrounded 
by rooms, a position that may have been chosen for secrecy or may be 
survivals of those in the Little Colorado settlements, to which some of 
the old Zuni towns were related. When excavations are made in the 
round Zuni ruins circular kivas may be brought to light, for Mota 
Padilla appears to refer to a kiva in the middle of the court of a cir- 
cular ruin called Tzibola (Cibola). 
Our knowledge of the forms of building on the Mesa Verde before the 
development of the pure types above mentioned is vague. It is possible 
that the earliest houses were not built of stone or other durable material 
but were subterranean and separated from each other. From these prim- 
itive buildings the more advanced types later developed, under the in- 
fluence of 'cavern' life. 
It is important to record that in the area in which the Mummy Lake 
mounds are now found there are depressions below the general surface 
suggesting subterranean pits, as if indicative of prepuebloan people 
whose homes were underground. Like pits have been described at the 
La Plata pueblo by Mr. Earl Morris, and similar structures near the 
mouth of the Gila were recorded by the early Spanish travelers as 
inhabited at the end of the sixteenth century. Evidences are not 
wanting to support the theory that early inhabitants of the pueblo 
region not only inhabited caves in the sides of canyons, but also used 
depressions in the earth, covered with roofs on a level with the surface 
of the ground. The call is urgent for renewed exploration on the Mesa 
Verde to enlighten us on^the sites and form of prepuebloan huts. 
^ Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
2 The name kiva is applied by the Hopi to these rectangular rooms. I find no record of 
similar rectangular isolated kivas among inhabited pueblos on the Rio Grande, although they 
are universal in Hopi. 
