126 PEOGRESS OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE. [^jTumli.STiS? 
capable of sour fermentation, they become artbrococcus, i.e. tbey 
assume an elongated form, and become one form of what are com- 
monly termed bacteria. The term "bacteria," as usually applied, 
includes both arthrococcus and micrococcus, but no idea of their 
nature and relations had been attained until Professor Hallier dis- 
covered that they were merely the ultimate elements of fungi. 
Micrococcus and arthrococcus are multiplied by fission ; crypto- 
coccus cannot be so multi]3lied, " from the strength of its walls and 
hollo wness of its centre," and it is therefore multiplied by gemmation. 
Micrococcus may be developed into higher forms in two ways : — 
1 . It may acquire a cell- wall, and pass on through the arthrococcal 
or cryptococcal stage to the formation of a fully-developed fungus. 
2. It may under favourable conditions germinate at once, and give 
rise to mycelium. 
In these views, as well as in those referred to above. Professor 
Hallier stands quite alone. 
IV. Preparations. 
1. Micrococcus. Professor Hallier exhibited numerous prepara- 
tions, some of which he considered proved the development of micro- 
coccus, and others its direct germination. In those showing develop- 
ment the field presented bodies like yeast cells mingled with granular 
matter ; but of course no preparations could show that they were 
mere modifications of one another. In those showing germination 
there were also granules present, but in this case mingled with fine 
filaments ; but one could not see definitely that these were organically 
connected. And as, generally, fully-developed fungi existed in the 
same preparations, one could not feel certain that the filaments were 
not mere detached portions of these, associated by mere juxtaposition 
with the granular matter. 
Professor Hallier instituted a culture of scarlatina blood in our 
presence, in order, if possible, to demonstrate this development and 
germination of micrococcus. The small apparatus already described 
was used for the purpose. A drop of the blood being placed on a 
glass slide (the blood having been preserved for about three weeks in 
a closed test-tube), a little grape-sugar solution was added as a sub- 
stratum, and a covering glass placed over it, the latter being separated 
from the slide by a perforated piece of thin cardboard, which had been 
soaked in alcohol. This preparation exhibited under the microscope 
numerous more or less disintegrated blood-corpuscles, associated with 
granular matter and numerous minute circular bodies, which Dr. 
Hallier described as being various stages of micrococcus. However, 
owing to the short period of our stay with him, no result whatever 
was attained. 
2. Illustrative of the relation of moulds and ustilagines. Professor 
Hallier showed some preparations which, he considered, demonstrated 
the tendency on the part of mucor dilatations (i. e. macroconidia) to 
ripen into tilletia spores. These macroconidia presented a double 
contour, which he ascribed to a tendency to the formation of a 
cuticula. This condition was quite indistinguishable from the same 
appearance produced by the mere shrinking of the protoplasm, as 
